| Book Reviews | The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 132.2

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| Book Reviews | The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 132.2 | The History Cooperative

Book Reviews

Jesus Is Female: Moravians and Radical Religion in Early America. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. 328 pp. Illustrations, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. $49.95.)
The Moravians had 148 itinerant preachers—111 men and 37 women—working in 171 communities from New York to Virginia in the years 1750 to 1754, primarily among the rapidly growing German Reformed and Lutheran congregations (p. 113). Yet, from the 1730s to the 1750s the opposition to Moravian activity reached its peak, sometimes resulting in incidents of violence between pro- and anti-Moravian groups.	1
In this study, Aaron Spencer Fogleman seeks reasons for the reactions to the Moravians and proposes an interpretative framework for understanding this era of colonial church life. The Moravian episode is but a part of the larger transatlantic Protestant evangelical awakening and its specific American manifestation known as the Great Awakening. Moravians were already controversial in Europe before their arrival in America, and their reputation came with them. As the author notes in chapter 3, "The Challenge to Gender Order," early eighteenth-century Moravians had developed unique ideas regarding the gender of the Trinity, of Jesus, and even of the gendered spirituality of Moravian believers themselves. Through communal living, the Moravians of that era also developed alternative views concerning marriage, sexual relations, and the empowerment of women.	. . .

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