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ABSTRACTS
| Jeffrey S. Adler, "'It Is His First Offense. We Might As Well Let Him Go': Homicide and Criminal Justice in Chicago, 1875–1920"
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At the start of the twentieth century, political and legal reformers initiated far-ranging changes in the American criminal justice system, particularly in cities such as Chicago, where violent crime rates were high and where the Progressive movement was especially influential. Yet law enforcers rarely convicted killers, more than three-fourths of whom went unpunished. Even in homicide cases in which the identity of killers was certain and the police made arrests, jurors typically exonerated or acquitted killers. Using police and court records and tracing the legal outcomes of nearly six thousand cases, this essay analyzes patterns of conviction in Chicago homicide cases between 1875 and 1920 and argues that a blend of gender-, race-, and class-based notions of justice trumped the rule of law, producing low homicide conviction rates during a period of soaring violence.
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| Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Insecurity, Outlawry and Social Order: Banditry in China's Heilongjiang Frontier Region, 1900–1931"
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By using copious primary sources, this article probes the banditry in China's northeasternmost province of Heilongjiang during the period from 1900 to 1931. While the region was a developing frontier, bandits posed a major social problem. Factors such as ecological surroundings, loose political control, regional militant traditions, rapid social changes, and sex ratio imbalance each played a role in producing outlaws. Bandits organized themselves into bands, ranging from small groups consisting of several dozen men to large units of a few thousand brigands. They sustained themselves well, established many domains, and maintained ties with locals. Indeed, banditry became a subculture. However, the bandits were nevertheless the most hated by locals. Battles against them became an unending campaign, with civilians taking measures for self-protection, and officials adopting policies for military suppression. Regardless, bandits were never entirely rooted out; instead they continued to be an undesirable yet inseparable part of the life of this frontier society.
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| Steven E. Rowe, "Writing Modern Selves: Literacy and the French Working Class in the Early Nineteenth Century"
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Throughout the early to mid-nineteenth century, French urban workers developed literacy practices—specific acts of writing and reading—that encouraged socially-oriented forms of self-reflection. By examining the letter writing, reading, and circulation practices and the autobiographical writing practices of several distinctly different groups of French urban workers, this essay presents a comparative analysis of forms and practices of writing and reading most often associated with the personal realm. In these literacy practices, French workers cultivated forms of socially-mediated reflection in which acts of self-disclosure and claims of authority were directly tied to their relations with others and their identifications with particular groups—such as their families, friends, and their fellow workers. The ways that literacy developed such complex, heterogeneous selves for French urban workers in the nineteenth century ultimately challenge the argument that links literacy, and writing in particular, to the formation of an individualist self, as part of the social transformations that lead to the formation of modern society in France.
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| Wing Chung Ho, "From Resistance to Collective Action in a Shanghai Socialist `Model Community': From the Late 1940s to Early 1970s. . . |
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