Gordon Morris Bakken is Professor of History at California State University at Fullerton.  His books include The Development of Law on the Rocky Mountain Frontier: Civil Law and Society, 1850-1912 (1983); Rocky Mountain Constitution Making, 1850-1912 (1985); and Law in the Western United States (2000). Bakken holds a retirement card from the Amalgamated Meat Cutters & Butcher Workmen of North America, Local 538 and the Retail Clerks International Association, Local 1401. He has acted as a chief negotiator for the California State EmployeesÍ Association, Local 168 and, for over a decade, as a representative of management in labor arbitration.

Jack L. Hammersmith is Professor of History at West Virginia University and author of Spoilsmen in a ñFlowery Fairylandî: The Development of the U.S. Legation in Japan, 1859-1906 (1998). He is currently at work on a study of the kerosene issue in U.S.-Japanese trade relations during the Gilded Age.

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