Frank J. Williams

Lincolniana in 1992

Alexander H. Ritchie engraving based upon a Mathew Brady photograph of Lincoln taken on January 8, 1864. [End Page 46]

The Year of the Changeling

The year just passed was one during which some in the Lincoln field feared that an elf had been surreptitiously exchanged for a handsome child, even though the study of Abraham Lincoln, as in the professions he practiced—law and politics—abhors a vacuum.

For sixty-four years, the Lincoln Museum thrived in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and all believed that it was an institution that would grow and continue. Last year, motivated by short-term economic indicators, Lincoln National Corporation destroyed the long-term durability and credibility of the museum through a threatened 40 percent budget reduction. The corporation ceased all purchases, including new books and manuscripts, and committed the present museum and library building for other purposes. The highly regarded director, who had served for almost twenty years, accepted an endowed chair at Saint Louis University. The company's own committee recommended later that the museum and library continue. Because the building now housing the museum is no longer available, Lincoln National Corporation will have to spend several million dollars for new facilities after going through these exercises. Students in the field, regardless of the findings of the committee, no longer can rely on the stability of this Lincoln resource.

The sordid Oates-Bray affair came to conclusion of a kind with an "ambiguous" decision from the American Historical Association that settled nothing except a finding that author Oates had not committed plagiarism.

One Lincoln newsletter—the Association of Abraham Lincoln Collectors Newsletter (TAALC)—ended in October for lack of subscribers; another—The Lincoln Ledger—began.

The world record for an auction sale of a manuscript was set in December, when an Abraham Lincoln autograph quotation was sold for $1.4 million, only to be set again within one month with the sale of an unsigned Lincoln manuscript for $1.54 million, driving the wedge further between the collector and scholar—all because of the cash nexus. [End Page 47]

But the study of Lincoln remains as durable as the man himself. Mark E. Neely, Jr., received the Pulitzer Prize in history for his Lincoln book. The Kunhardts' documentary of Lincoln shown in December by ABC-TV demonstrated that interest in Lincoln is on the rise. The Democratic candidate for president, subsequently elected, is a Lincoln student and was found reading Lincoln on Leadership during the New Hampshire primary. Lincoln books continue to be published, and conferences about him flourish.

Lincoln, then, remains our ever-present contemporary. There is no one quite like him.

The Spoken Word—Lincoln Group Activities

The nineteenth annual Abraham Lincoln Symposium was held on February 12 in the Old State Capitol, Springfield. "The Lincoln Image in Popular Culture" included papers by Gabor S. Boritt ("Punch Lincoln: A Preliminary Look") and Harold Holzer (" 'Columbia's Noblest Sons': Washington and Lincoln in Popular Prints"). Comments were by Walter Arnstein and Olivia Mahoney. The traditional banquet of the association was held that evening with an address by Jack Kemp. In praising Lincoln, Kemp urged welfare reform to help pull people out of poverty and argued for privatization of public housing, the creation of enterprise zones, and enabling the poor to own homes. "That would fit right in with [Lincoln's] philosophy of homesteading," Kemp stated.

The William H. Seward biographer John M. Taylor, author of a biography of his father, General Maxwell Taylor, spoke on Lincoln and his secretary of state on January 21 before the Lincoln Group of the District of Columbia. More than 150 people heard Michael W. Kauffman talk about "The Lincoln Assassination: A New Perspective Based on Contemporary Sources" at the group's annual banquet on February 11. According to the speaker, records from 1865 show that investigators overlooked certain pieces of evidence, and a computer analysis has yielded coincidences and connections of time and place. The annual auction for the group was held on March 17. Hans L. Trefousse spoke on Carl Schurz, "Lincoln's Influential Ethnic Ally," on September 15. John R. Sellers presented his talk about the hope and courage of freed slaves on October 20, and Rodney O. Davis spoke on November 17 about Lincoln's political start in the Illinois legislature. A paper about Lincoln's relationship [End Page 48] with his wife, parents, and children was presented by Michael Burlingame on December 15.

The speaker at Gettysburg on November 19—the 129th anniversary of the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery—was General Colin L. Powell, chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. William L. Brown III spoke about "Furnishing Two Lincoln Homes: Springfield and the House Where Lincoln Died" at the annual Lincoln Fellowship of Pennsylvania.

On February 15, the Lincoln Group of Florida heard Linda Levitt Turner speak about Mary and Abraham Lincoln; the group's second Basler Memorial Lincoln Symposium included Delbert "Tad" Allen speaking on "A Visit with Abe Lincoln" and Daniel W. Bannister talking about "Lincoln's Illinois Supreme Court Practice."

Ronald D. Rietvelt presented, on February 12, "Lincoln's View of the Founding Fathers" at the sixtieth annual Watchorn Lincoln Dinner for the Lincoln Memorial Association in Redlands, California.

U.S. Senator Paul Simon, author of a study on Lincoln's Illinois legislative years, presented the address at the annual Lincoln dinner of the Lincoln Club of Delaware on February 12.

Richard N. Current delivered "Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy" for the Lincoln Group of New York on February 6 and the Lincoln Group of Boston on February 29.

The Lincoln Fellowship of Wisconsin published its forty-seventh Historical Bulletin, which contains Harold Holzer's "Hope to the World: Lincoln on Democracy." Its fifty-second annual meeting was held on April 12, with Cullom Davis's presentation, "Abraham Lincoln and the Golden Age of American Law." Davis, director of the Lincoln Legals Project, also presented "Abraham Lincoln, Esquire: Lincoln and His Legal Peers" on February 20 before the Government Bar Association in Springfield, Illinois. The fellowship inaugurated The Lincoln Ledger in November with a review of the first annual Lincoln-Douglas celebration held in Ottawa, Illinois, and an article about the Lincoln-Tallman House in Jaynesville, Wisconsin, about to undergo restoration. Steven K. Rogstad serves as editor.

The Lincoln Group of New York on April 14 heard William Hanchett speak about his video script "Black Easter," a new look at the Lincoln assassination conspiracy. He was joined by John K. Lattimer, who, through slides, compared John Wilkes Booth and his twentieth-century counterpart, Lee Harvey Oswald, with a discussion of Oliver Stone's theories on the death of President Kennedy. Guest speakers on November 19 were Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr., Philip B. Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt, father and sons, who are coauthors of [End Page 49] Lincoln: An Illustrated Biography and coproducers of the Lincoln documentary that aired on ABC television on December 26 and 27.

Kenneth M. Stampp delivered the thirtieth annual Robert Fortenbaugh Memorial Lecture at Gettysburg College on November 19, 1991, "The United States and National Self-Determination: Two Traditions."

David Leitch presented "The Problem of Slavery" at the February 6 meeting of the Lincoln Club of Topeka; on May 3, Tim Daniel discussed with slides, "Lincoln and the Mexican War." The fifth Harmon Memorial Lincoln Lecture was held at Washburn University with members of the Lincoln Club of Topeka in attendance. Bill Cecil-Fronsman presented "The Election of Abraham Lincoln and the Secession of the South; the Puzzling Connection."

James Getty, a Lincoln impersonator, presented "An Evening with A. Lincoln" at the sixteenth annual Surratt Banquet held at Ft. Lesley J. McNair, Washington, on May 26.

One of the deans of Lincoln studies, Don Fehrenbacher, delivered his lecture on "Lincoln and the American Literary Figures of His Time" at St. John's College in Annapolis in March.

The Lincoln Society/Seattle was organized in February 1991 by members of the Lincoln Society of Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., who reside in the Greater Seattle area. Edward L. Jones spoke at its first annual meeting on March 2.

The annual commemoration of Rockingham County's link to President Lincoln's ancestors was held on February 12 at the Lincoln Homestead in Harrisonburg, Virginia, under the leadership of Philip Stone, who spoke about Mary Todd Lincoln.

Philip S. Paludan presented the fifteenth annual R. Gerald McMurtry Lecture on May 21 at the Lincoln Museum, Fort Wayne: "Lincoln, Propaganda and Democracy: Civil War and the 'Better Angels of our Nature.'"

Retreat ceremonies at the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, were held each Tuesday evening from June through August. The ceremony was conducted by members of the 114th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry (reactivated).

The forty-fourth annual meeting of the Rock County Historical Society was held on April 28, with "The Life of Abraham Lincoln" given by Lewis Mallow. Using photographs, maps, and illustrations, Mallow presented "illustrated stories" of Lincoln.

The forty-seventh annual pilgrimage to the tomb of President Lincoln sponsored by the Abraham Lincoln Council, Boy Scouts of America, was held on April 26. Kevin McDermott's article "Lincoln's [End Page 50] Image More Mortal than in Past," profiling the speaker at the ceremonies, appeared in the State Journal-Register (Springfield) on April 26. According to Richard Leet, national president of the Boy Scouts of America, the view of Lincoln has changed. Children in his generation tended to view Lincoln with reverence and as a historic figure. Now, they see him as a person involved in complicated problems.

The International Lincoln Association of Idyllwild, California, sponsored a matinee and evening performance on July 4 of "An Hour with President Lincoln" with Richard Blake as Lincoln.

The Lincoln Group of Illinois has published a new membership directory through August.

The Lincoln Group of Boston heard Richard W. Hill organist, present "Music Lincoln Knew" in honor of past-president Kenneth A. Bernard at the Holy Trinity Lutheran Church in North Easton, Massachusetts, on October 17.

The Lincoln Legal Papers Project

As reported in the September–October issue of American History Illustrated, recent discoveries have put to rest the notion that Abraham Lincoln was a pettifogging lawyer whose practice consisted solely of "morally correct civil cases." The portrait that emerges through the efforts of "The Lincoln Legal Papers: A Documentary History of the Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln, 1836–1861" is that of a legally astute practitioner who used the law to his clients' advantage.

The State Journal-Register on September 18, 1991, reported an important find of six documents in Lincoln's hand from an 1838 Fulton County suit over an unpaid promissory note in the sum of $762.36. The documents were found in Macomb.

Where Harry Pratt had pinned the number of Lincoln's Illinois supreme court cases to 246, research by Senior Editor Joanne Walroth indicates that Lincoln appeared in at least 333 cases before his state's highest tribunal, with another 103 involving his law partners.

October 5, 1991, was the 155th anniversary of Lincoln's formal entry into the legal practice; he filed a plea in the case of Hawthorne v. Wooldridge.

Eric Freyfogle, project consulting legal editor and associate professor at the University of Illinois College of Law, prepared The Common-Law Forms of Action and Rules of Pleading in Lincoln's Illinois. [End Page 51]

The Decatur Herald-Review for January 4 reported project researchers finding a receipt carrying Lincoln's signature that might be the last such document in Macon County, Illinois, court records. This long-forgotten document bore the date of Lincoln's forty-fourth birthday.

For many years I have complained about the foolhardy syndicated columns about Lincoln that appear throughout February. In 1992, however, something worthy was published and widely printed. Herbert Mitgang, cultural correspondent for the New York Times, wrote on February 9, "Adjusting the Record of Lincoln the Lawyer." Beginning on page one, the article emphasizes that, for the first time, the nation is becoming aware, through the efforts of the Lincoln Legals Project, of Lincoln's impressive legal skills.

Cullom Davis wrote "An Emerging Reappraisal of Lawyer Abraham Lincoln" for the May–June Dispatch (Illinois State Historical Society).

The staff of the project located a previously unknown legal document in Lincoln's hand at the Macoupin County Circuit Court in Carlinville, Illinois, believed to be the longest known Lincoln manuscript—a forty-three-page "Answer" on behalf of his clients, the defendants in Clark & Morrison v. Page & Bacon, et al. Mrs. William Harrison, owner of the lengthy trial transcript in People v. P. Quinn Harrison, donated it to the Illinois State Historical Library in 1991.

Budgetary constraints cloud the future work of the Lincoln Legal Papers Project. Director Davis, in a memorandum of May 11, announced that his budget had been cut more than $40,000 for the 1992–93 fiscal year (representing 25 percent less than in 1990). The project thus has a total shortfall of nearly $70,000. Despite ongoing efforts to seek new sources of funding, and pending grant applications with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Historical Publications Commission, help is needed. Those willing to contribute should send donations to Richard E. Hart, chair, Lincoln Legals Fundraising Committee, Abraham Lincoln Association, One North Old State Capitol Plaza, Suite 501, Springfield, IL 62701-1323. Donors of $100 or more will receive a handsome facsimile set of twelve legal documents in Lincoln's hand.

Project staff has located fifty previously undiscovered documents in Lincoln's handwriting since the project's inception and have observed an interesting pattern of a growing number of such discoveries the farther from Sangamon County the staff goes—perhaps because pilferers from years past concentrated their efforts where they "knew" Lincoln conducted most of his law practice. [End Page 52]

The Dallas Morning News staff-writer David Hanners interviewed William Beard, the project's assistant editor, for the September 13 edition. Beard fielded some poignant questions in answer to what Lincoln gleaned from his legal experience that enabled him to develop leadership qualities. Beard answers, "I don't want to give too much credit to the profession because the individual had it to begin with, and Lincoln very early on his Salem years was viewed as a leader."

At the project advisory board meeting on October 24, a timetable for publication of the Lincoln Legals was announced. The facsimile edition in CD Rom is due in late 1996, and five volumes, about 2 percent of the Lincoln Legals, are to be published in 1997, 1999, and 2000. Both editions are based at present on a document search of 4,224 cases (as of October) with 49,611 documents located in eighteen Illinois county courthouses and nine manuscript libraries representing a twenty-four-year law practice.

Conferences

The sixth annual Lincoln Colloquium was held at Sangamon State University on October 26, 1991, with the theme "Abraham Lincoln and the Crucible of War." James M. McPherson discussed the question of "Who Freed the Slaves?"; Richard N. Current analyzed "Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy"; John Y. Simon presented "Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, and Fort Sumter"; Frank J. Williams examined "Lincoln and His Contemporaries: The World's Statesmen Compared and Contrasted" with slide illustrations; and Paul Findley reminisced about "Legislating the Authorization of Lincoln Home National Historical Site: A Twenty-Year Perspective." The papers have been published by the Lincoln Home National Historic Site. The seventh annual Lincoln Colloquium met at Sangamon State University on October 24, 1992, with the theme "Abraham Lincoln and the Political Process." Speakers included Rodney O. Davis ("'I Shall Consider the Whole People of Sangamon My Constituents': Lincoln and the Illinois General Assembly"), Cullom Davis ("Abraham Lincoln, Esquire: The Symbiosis of Law and Politics"), Roger A. Fischer ("Retailing the Railsplitter: The Material Culture of Lincoln's 1860 Campaign"), John Y. Simon ("The Origin of the Emancipation Proclamation"), and William E. Gienapp ("Abraham Lincoln and Presidential Leadership").

The Indiana History Conference and Indiana Historical Society [End Page 53] annual meeting took place in Indianapolis on November 1 and 2, 1991, in celebration of the 175th birthday of the state. Among the papers delivered were "Why the Lincolns Came to Indiana" by Jerry Sanders and "The Many Faces of Abraham Lincoln" by Wayne Sanford.

The Illinois State Historical Society conducted its twelfth annual Illinois History Symposium on December 6 and 7, 1991, with a session entitled "The Image of Abraham Lincoln." Judith A. Rice presented "S. S. McClure, Ida Tarbell, and the Image of Abraham Lincoln," and James A. Stevenson presented "Pericles' Influence on the Gettysburg Address." Dean Hammer commented. Another session was entitled "Abraham Lincoln Revisited," with papers by Robert C. Bray ("When Lincoln Put Cartwright on the Stand: A New Look at the Harrison Murder Trial") and Robert S. Porter ("Abraham Lincoln and African Americans: Historiography, 1960–1991"). William D. Beard commented.

Dean Hammer of Augustana College directed the "Remembering Lincoln" conference, held at the college on April 11 with papers by Matt Schramm ("Abraham Lincoln and the Flight from Jefferson Democracy"), Todd Volker ("Lincoln in Eastern Europe"), Basil Moore ("Abraham Lincoln and His Mentor Graham"), Cullom Davis ("From Basements to Attics: Uncovering Lincoln's Legal Career"), Rand Wonio ("Mr. Lincoln's Biggest Fee"), Richard Chrisman ("Riding the Circuit"), Lew Mallow ("The Life of Mary Todd Lincoln"), Pat Wiebel ("Mary Todd Lincoln: Separating Myth from Reality"), Don O'Shea ("Slavery and Union: Reenactment of Portions of Lincoln-Douglas Debate"), Thomas F. Schwartz ("Lincoln and the Limits of Reason"), William Buchholz ("Lincoln as Spiritualist"), Jerry Persky ("Lincoln and His Use of Humor"), John Norton ("A Galesburg Swede Views the Lincoln-Douglas Debate"), Dave Dehnel ("Lincoln, Douglas, and Judicial Review"), B. J. Elsner ("Lincoln Was Buried Here"), Norm Moline ("Lincoln in the Landscape"), Myron Fogde ("Lincoln and American Religious Primitivism"), Jan Keessen ("Why Did Lincoln Write Both Muddy and Clear Prose in His Second Inaugural Address?"), William Moore ("Learning Parson Lovejoy's Catechism"), Lloyd Efflandt ("Private/Captain/Private Lincoln"), and Barnard Hollister ("Lincoln the Modernist: The Lincoln Family"). Frank J. Williams presented the keynote address on April 10, "Abraham Lincoln: New Challenges for Collectors; or, Where Do We Go From Here?"

The German Historical Institute of Washington held a conference, "On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German [End Page 54] Wars of Unification, 1861–1871" from April 1–4, with papers by Carl Degler ("The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification: The Problem of Comparison"), Hans L. Trefousse ("Unionism and Abolition: Political Mobilization in the North"), Richard E. Beringer ("Southern Identity and the Will to Fight Back"), James M. McPherson ("From Unlimited War to Total War in America"), Edward Hagerman ("Union Generalship, Political Leadership and Total War Strategy"), Jorg Nagler ("Loyalty and Dissent: The Home Front in the Civil War"), Philip S. Paludan ("Propaganda and Public Opinion During the Civil War"), and Richard N. Current ("American Society and the Legacy of the Civil War Until 1914").

The Civil War Society held its conference "A Closer Look at Jefferson Davis," in Biloxi, Mississippi, from April 2–4. Lecturers included Michael Ballard, Steven Woodworth, Lynda Crist, Keith Hardison, and Frank Vandiver.

The Gettysburg Civil War Institute was held from June 28 to July 4 and included papers by William Freehling ("Why Southerners Went to War"), Mark Summers ("Why Northerners Went to War"), William McFeely ("Frederick Douglass, John Brown, and Why the War Came"), and Charles Royster ("Fort Sumter: At Last, the War"). On July 10 and 11, the play Lincoln's Last Hours was presented under the co-sponsorship of the Gettysburg College Civil War Institute and the Gettysburg Rotary Club.

Louisiana State University in Shreveport and the Abraham Lincoln Association sponsored "Lincoln's Life, Times, and Legacy" September 17 and 18, with William D. Pederson as conference director. Some thirty-seven papers were prepared, with thirty-five delivered from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. on each day. They were: "Abraham Lincoln and Classical Prudence" by Ethan M. Fishman; "'The Pillars of the Temple of Liberty': Lincoln Views the Founding Fathers" by Ronald D. Rietveld; "Lincoln, the Declaration of Independence and Equality" by Joseph R. Fornieri; "Lincoln, the Lyceum Address and Democratic Leadership" by Patrick J. Powers; "Lincoln and Grant: Reappraising a Relationship" by Brooks D. Simpson; "Lincoln's Impact on President Rutherford B. Hayes" by Roger D. Bridges; "Never a Discouraging Word: Wit and Anecdotes of A. Lincoln" by Archie P. McDonald; "Lincoln's Newly Identified Illegitimate Relatives" by Paul H. Verduin; "Lincoln's Mid-Life Crisis" by Michael Burlingame; "Lincoln and Southern Unionism" by William C. Harris; "Lincoln's Reelection and the End of Slavery" by David E. Long; "Teddy Roosevelt and A. Lincoln" by Ted Zalewski; "Lincoln's Impact on William Howard Taft" by Henry B. Sirgo; "Prudent Archery: FDR's Lincoln" [End Page 55] by Phillip Abbott; "The Leadership Style of Abraham Lincoln and Dwight Eisenhower" by Thomas R. Turner; "Lincoln's Influence on Gerald R. Ford" by Edward L. Schapsmeier and Frederick H. Schapsmeier; "Lincoln's Influence on China" by Sherman S. Chen; "Lincoln and Nehru" by Kilaru R. Rao; "Lincoln's Impact on Africa" by A. B. Assensoh and Francis K. Danquah; "Legislative Messages of the Lincoln Administration" by Samuel B. Hoff; "Poltroons and Apes to Diamonds in Their Setting: Lincoln's Practice of Cabinet Alchemy" by Arthur R. Williams and Amanda Noble; "Reflections of Greatness? Lincoln's Supreme Court Appointees" by Robert C. Bradley; "Lincoln's Visions, Dreams, and Premonitions" by John Stuart Ervin; "Lincoln and the Apocalyptic at Mid-Century" by Charles B. Strozier; "Lincoln and Civil Religion: Presidents as Prophet" by Stephen K. Shaw; "Lincoln's Poetry and Prose" by James A. Stevenson; "Lincoln and Gandhi" by Mohammed B. Alam; "Lincoln and Development of the Trans-Mississippi West" by Wallace H. Best; "Lincoln's National Debt" by Thomas F. Schwartz; "Lincoln and Idaho" by David Leroy; "The Portrayal of Lincoln in School History: A View from Textbooks" by O. L. Davis, Jr.; "The Legacy of Lincoln in the Elementary Classroom" by Sherry L. Field; "Lincoln and Judicial Review" by William D. Bader; "Law and Politics: The Two Careers of Lincoln" by G. Cullom Davis; "Lincoln and Taney: President vs. Chief Justice" by Kenneth M. Holland; "Executive Prerogative and American Constitutionalism" by Mark J. Rozell; and "Lincoln and World Leaders" by Frank J. Williams.

The first annual Lincoln-Douglas Debate Celebration was held on August 21 and 22 in Ottawa, Illinois. Among the speakers were John Y. Simon ("Lincoln and the Declaration of Independence"), Douglas Wilson ("Ottawa: The First Debate and Its Significance"), Robert Bray ("The Origins of Lincoln's Rhetoric"), Cullom Davis ("The Lawyer's Avenue to the Public: Abraham Lincoln and Legal Rhetoric"), and Michael Burlingame ("Lincoln, Law and Political Rhetoric").

The Friends of the John Hay Wildlife Refuge in Newbury, New Hampshire, conducted a conference on John Hay on August 21 and 22, with papers by Jennifer Lee ("The Life and Times of John Hay"), George Monteiro ("John Hay's Literary Career"), and Robert McGrath and Patricia O'Toole ("John Hay and Henry Adams: Two Friends, Two Democracies").

Elderhostels presented "A New Look at Abraham Lincoln" from August 23 to 29 at the Lakeside Center, Crystal Lake, Illinois. Intended as a fresh look at the social and political forces that brought [End Page 56] Abraham Lincoln to power, the class examined the life of Owen Lovejoy—congregational minster, abolitionist, orator, and one of the founders of the Republican party in 1856. Lincoln wrote on Lovejoy's death: "Let him have the marble monument, along with the well assured and more enduring memorial in the hearts of all men who love liberty, unselfishly."

Editorials

Russell Baker in "Alms for the Love of Gore," takes public television to task in an article that appeared in the New York Times on August 20, 1991. Amid views of the casualties of the Civil War in Ken Burns's documentary, the show stopped so volunteer fundraisers could tell the audience that "This is the kind of television you get only on public television."

The cartoonist Marlette of New York Newsday depicted George Bush sleeping on a barren mattress; plaques on the wall read, "Abraham Lincoln Slept Here!" and "David Duke Stole the Sheets!" The syndicated cartoon appeared in The Sun (Westerly, R.I.) on November 24, 1991.

Paul H. Verduin's editorial "Why the Time Is Right for a Lincoln Museum in Our Neglected Lincoln Memorial" appeared in the May 1991 issue of TAALC Newsletter. The writer, who is editor of The Lincolnian (Lincoln Group of the District of Columbia), believes that his Lincoln group and all other Lincoln organizations across the country should support a museum in the Lincoln Memorial, where nothing about Lincoln is on display other than the Daniel Chester French statue. But, some ask, is this not enough?

Jonathan Schell, in "Union Divides Lincoln and Gorbachev" for Newsday on November 21, 1991, attempts to compare Gorbachev's problems with those Lincoln faced. Schell properly points out the difference between the United States in 1861 and Russia in 1991. Lincoln believed the essence of union was the principle that a majority of the people had the right to compel a minority to stay within a union. Now no such lawful and legitimate majority in the Soviet Union insists that such a union exists. The author points out that Lincoln is "rightly honored for saving a union," whereas Gorbachev's legacy will be his effort in dissolving one.

On February 17, the New York Times printed "Presidents of Precious Few Words." It pointed out that few people recognized that Lincoln's tribute to his country at Gettysburg was one of the seventy- [End Page 57] eight speeches he delivered while president. In so doing, he gave three times as many speeches as Washington, whose famous Farewell Address was published, not delivered in person. The editorial compares these speeches with the "eminently forgettable speeches" of George Bush and other recent presidents. The editorial concludes with the question, "Why then do Presidents keep pouring out more wind?"

In a letter to the editor of the New York Times on February 24, Phil Patton argues that Lincoln was a tool of the railroads and cites the land Lincoln was given in Davenport, Iowa. He misstates his case, as the land Lincoln received was a bounty for his service in the Black Hawk War.

In the July 18 issue of the New York Times Richard L. Berke discusses the Democratic National Convention ("When TV Turns Politics into a Laughing Matter"). Comedy Central presented its "Indecision '92" with a video of Senator Paul Simon of Illinois discoursing on the convention floor about whether a bow-tied politician (he is one) could reach the White House. "Well, a fellow named Harry Truman did it," he said. "In the last century, a fellow named Abraham Lincoln did it. They were both pretty good Presidents." "That's a heartwarming thing, isn't it?" replied Comedy Central's anchorman Al Franken. Then came the somber drumbeat in the background—time for a commercial.

The Providence Journal-Bulletin on February 12 reprinted a section from Walt Whitman's Specimen Days in America (1881). His entry for August 12, 1863 was: "I see the President almost every-day.... He never sleeps at the White House during the hot season but has quarters at a healthy location some three miles north of the city, the Soldiers' Home. ... I see very plainly Abraham Lincoln's dark brown face, with the deep cut lines, the eyes, always to me with a deep latent sadness in the expression." The same issue included Paul Greenberg's editorial "Lincoln Knew What Words Could Do." Greenberg agrees with Kathleen Hall Jamieson, who believed the Democratic presidential primary debates reduced ideals to one-liners and dialogue to one-upsmanship. It was no more enlightening to watch George Bush give his 1992 State of the Union address. But Greenberg points out that in 1858 there were real debates—between Senator Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln. Greenberg does not think that Lincoln would go over well on "60 Minutes" or the "Tonight Show," as it wasn't "Happy Days Are Here Again." Greenberg says that Jamieson is wrong in saying that few would recognize great [End Page 58] rhetoric today. "Just give us the right words and We, the People, will respond. We will see and act anew."

The Chicago Tribune on Lincoln's birthday published Ivy E. Scarborough's "Lincoln and the Power of Principle." The writer, an attorney, comments on the items (now at the Library of Congress) found in Lincoln's pockets the night he was assassinated. Included was a small, worn newspaper clipping containing small praise for the president. Rather than being an acknowledgment of Lincoln's ego—the scant praise is not what sustained him—"It was in the character of the man to do what he did without regard to praise or criticism." Today, some who hold high office may be Lincolnesque, "though in the bloodletting of many political campaigns, values of substance are often lost to values of style.... Pride is paramount and humility is, well, humble."

The annual Lincoln Day editorial from the State Journal-Register points to Jack Kemp's effort in an open letter to Russian President Boris Yeltsin, declaring the need to allow the Russian people to own their own homes. The editorial cites Lincoln's similar effort in signing the Homestead Act in 1862. Praising the efforts of the Lincoln Legal Papers project, the editorial comments on Lincoln's enduring legacy—"his compassion, his dedication, his faith, his strength, but above all, for his total commitment to government by the people—and the freedom it brings."

Jack Anderson and Michael Binstein's column for The Oregonian on April 1, "Inadequate Excuses, Empty Hero Worship," told of Congressman Robert Mrazek's interest in Lincoln and the decorating of his office with Lincolniana. Yet his checks were written on insufficient funds through the House Bank, some 972 in all. Mrazek explained that the practice existed when Lincoln was in Congress. The editorial opines that neither his explanations nor his idol, Lincoln, could save Mrazek from a rough election when all the voters would see was 972 bad checks. He subsequently lost the New York Democratic primary for the U.S. Senate.

James Krohe, Jr.'s "The Great Enunciator" in the June 4 issue of Illinois Times indicates that Lincoln's great prose highlights the sorry state of modern political discourse. When the construction of the new Illinois State Library in Springfield was underway, librarians compiled a roster of noteworthy Illinois authors to be remembered by chiseling their names on the building's frieze. Lincoln was included. This was surprising to many people says Krohe, as they remember "Lincoln only as the man who played Henry Fonda as an older man." He points out that Ronald Reagan was perhaps the [End Page 59] second Republican actor to live in the White House. Lincoln was an expert "raconteur," "an adept performer who liked to read aloud scenes from Shakespeare to small audiences of friends and staff and who, as a young lawyer, got raves for his stand-up act in some of the toughest rooms on the old Eighth Judicial Circuit." Krohe thinks that Lincoln really said what he wanted to say and that George Bush said only what he thought people wanted to hear. Lincoln's style was superior due to the superiority of his thought. Krohe bemoans the fact that Americans no longer know Lincoln's life and speeches. His Gettysburg Address is no longer memorized, and it is unusual to find people who have even heard of it.

Ron Grossman in the Atlanta Constitution (September 27) discussed how the 1992 presidential debates were nothing like the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates ("The Golden Age of Debates: '92 Talk Pales by Comparison"). Current candidates do not match the eloquence of Douglas and Lincoln, yet both Lincoln and Douglas were not, by today's media standards, physically attractive enough for today's campaigns. In the days of Lincoln and Douglas, politics "was the only game in town."

The quadrennial quest for the presidency brought forth the usual plethora of editorial cartoons, including Jim Borgman's dejected Lincoln leaning in a chair against a "Lincoln for President" sign about to be removed by a cleaning lady, who says, "Don't take it so hard, kid! If you'd raised more money, scored some TV time in the Northeast, locked up some early polls ... hey, who knows?" Oliphant's cartoon syndicated in the Providence Journal-Bulletin on October 9 has a grim Lincoln sitting in his marble chair at the Lincoln Memorial, looking askance at candidate Ross Perot sitting in a high chair. Perot states "Shucks—I'll settle for some of the people all of the time!" Bok's cartoon syndicated on September 12 for the Akron Beacon Journal has Lincoln standing, his hands in his pockets, in front of Republican Headquarters. He listens as one of his aides reads, "The focus group thinks it would be a mistake to commit ground troops to a Civil War, Mr. President."

Editorials and commentary abounded in the election year, with Stephen Beaven's "Character major factor in Lincoln's leadership" for the State Journal-Register on October 25 in which the staff-writer attempts to elicit comparisons between Lincoln and the 1992 candidates. William E. Gienapp, who delivered a paper at the seventh annual Lincoln Colloquium, was asked whether Bill Clinton could be compared to Lincoln. Gienapp replied: "I think it's a mistake to elect a president who lacks experience.... It's a risk, but there have [End Page 60] been inexperienced presidents who've [been good]. I think you have to take chances. There's no certainty in any president." Gienapp said that if Lincoln were registered to vote in 1992, he would have voted for Bush (the Republican) or have stayed at home. Harold Holzer, in his guest column for the Gannett Suburban Newspapers, discussed "Debating the Myth of Lincoln-Douglas" on October 23. Even in the mother of all debates, Douglas protested against Lincoln's "attacks on my public character," adding, "If Mr. Lincoln is a man of bad character, I leave it to others to find out." Holzer warns today's candidates to keep history in mind when they advocate a return to nineteenth-century debating, which called for a "toe-to-toe, no holds barred" confrontation. Ed Riner's cartoon "Coaching the Little Giant" appeared in the October 26 New Yorker; in it, Senator Douglas's handlers ask, "O.K. Now, if he comes at you with 'A house divided against itself cannot stand,' what's your reply?" Herbert Mitgang pointed out in the New York Times on October 6 that in the Lincoln-Douglas debates there was no "hiding behind studio lecterns, no 'Larry King Live,' no World Series conflicts; it was one on one, rain or shine, without makeup or microphones." Although the audience numbered ten thousand, with many people coming for the carnival-like atmosphere and "pageantry," the substance of the debates was indisputable. For example, Lincoln stated in Alton on October 15, 1858 that "I have said and I repeat it here, that if there be a man amongst us who does not think that the institution of slavery is wrong in any of the aspects of which I have spoken, he is misplaced and ought not to be with us.... That is the real issue. That is the issue that will continue in this country when these poor tongues of Judge Douglas and myself shall be silent. It is the eternal struggle between these two principles—right and wrong—throughout the world." And not to be forgotten, William F. Buckley, Jr., in a pre-election editorial, "By George, spare us the presumption of this scatter-minded Southern statist," admonished Bush's critics not to give up on him simply because "he is not Abraham Lincoln."

Ed Stein's cartoon for the Rocky Mountain News, syndicated on February 14, depicted four presidents: Jefferson says, "When in the course of human events"; Lincoln says, "Four score and seven years ago"; Kennedy says, "Ask not what your country can do for you"; and George Bush says, "I love a parade!"

The drawing by Saul Steinberg made in 1976 showing Lincoln at the Thanksgiving dinner table with Washington, the Statue of Liberty, the Easter Bunny, Santa Claus, and a witch appears in his Discovery of America (Abrams). The cartoonist Christine in The Sun (Westerly, [End Page 61] R.I.) on December 13 sympathized with the budget-busting cost of utilities that the Westerly Public Library was experiencing: "Due to the increased cost of utilities since expansion, the Westerly Public Library offers you the ... Abe Lincoln Reading Room! Grab a candle." To prepare for Clinton family cat, Socks, in the White House, Nicole Hollander in Sylvia has her protagonist say, "The Secret Service has asked me to act as a stand-in for Socks. I will be posing for photographers in the Rose Garden ... chasing birds and clumsily missing them so as not to offend bird-lovers, while the real Socks hides in the closet in the Lincoln bedroom."

Martin D. Tullai wrote an Op-Ed piece for the Evening Sun (Baltimore) on January 7 in which he pointed out the precedent for changing vice presidents in the second term, as Lincoln did in the 1864 campaign. His commentary, "Mr. Bush Tries Out Abe-speak," appeared in the San Jose Mercury News on February 12. In a fantasized interview, questions are asked of George Bush, who responds using Lincoln's words, "Q: 'Sir you're a sports buff. What do you think about the juvenile bragging and posturing of some big time athletes?'" G.B.: "The hen is the wisest of all the animals in creation because she never cackles until the egg is laid."

George Bush's Christmas Eve pardons of Irangate suspects brought forth a torrent of words, including a review of pardons granted by Lincoln in 1863 and Andrew Johnson's amnesty in 1868 as well as his pardon for Dr. Samuel A. Mudd in 1869—all as described in the New York Times on Christmas Day, 1992. The article pointed out that Abraham Lincoln, like Jimmy Carter for draft-evaders, granted "blanket" amnesties to a whole class of people.

Arts

"The Songs of the Civil War" was telecast during August 1991. A spinoff of "The Civil War," the program included vintage photographs with readings as well as music. Sony produced a video of the show, and Columbia Records released the soundtrack album.

Artist Bob Holloway of Kansas City, Missouri, prepared a montage print of Abraham Lincoln as president. McGraw-Hill Media has produced the video Lincoln: A Photobiography, based on Russell Freedman's prize-winning book.

The Civil War Studies Office, the Music Department, and the Gettysburg Review of Gettysburg College presented the Expressionistic-Atona Opera The Death of Lincoln on October 4, 1991. [End Page 62]

The Sunday New York Times Travel Section of October 13, 1991, announced that Mt. Rushmore was getting a much-needed facelift via a new silicone-based material. Studies showed that the traditional patching material of white lead, granite dust, and linseed oil—used for more than fifty years—had failed to seal hundreds of cracks. The Mt. Rushmore Society is paying for the work and attempting to raise $40 million to preserve the memorial and improve visitor facilities. For information, call (800) 882–0500.

The sculptor Tom Clark has produced Abraham Lincoln, inspired by the Lincoln Memorial sculpture of Daniel Chester French as the next release in the Great People in History series.

In Defense of Animals (816 W. Francisco Blvd., San Rafael, CA 94901) has produced a poster of a Lincoln profile and a purported Lincoln quote, "I am in favor of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of the whole human being."

The Austin American-Statesman, on December 7, 1991, reported pending legislation pressed by Senator Alan Cranston urging a coin redesign that would replace the Lincoln Memorial on the reverse of the penny with a theme from the Bill of Rights—the first change to the penny since 1959.

American Heritage published a large-format Civil War thematic calendar for 1992 interpreted by Stephen W. Sears.

Herbert Mitgang's play Mister Lincoln was presented by the Friends of the Collinsville (Ill.) Historical Museum in February.

Hammacher-Schlemmer features a Lincoln nutcracker from Stein-bach of Bavaria.

The artist Michael Blaser, who specializes in painting steamboats, has produced "Red Sky at Morning," in which the steamer Effie Afton signals the bridge that it subsequently struck, leading to one of Lincoln's most famous trials.

H. Norman Schwarzkopf "gets right with Lincoln" by narrating Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait for the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra with Leonard Slatkin conducting (RCA).

The world premiere of Lincoln and the War Within, a film about Fort Sumter and the start of the Civil War by the filmmaker-historian Robert Brent Toplin, was held at Gettysburg College's Civil War Institute on March 26.

The New York Times on March 25 announced "Democracy's Poet—A Walt Whitman Celebration" from March 26 to May 31, marking the centennial of the poet's death. Events included "The War Between the States" on May 27 in which Daniel Barshay portrayed the writer and poet during the Civil War. In his essay "Of Me I Sing: [End Page 63] Whitman in His Time" David S. Reynolds says, "To preserve the Union, Lincoln would greatly strengthen the power of the executive office by leading the North into battle once the South has seceded. Whitman took a different but analogous tactic to preserve the Union: He asserted the executive power of the poetic 'I,' which, 'gathered together the disparate voices of American culture in an imaginative whole.'"

James M. McPherson's Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution is now on cassette, produced by Books on Tape and read by Wolfram Kandinsky.

Ailene S. Goodman, a teacher and producer, has written and narrated for younger children the forty-minute cassette and booklet Abe Lincoln in Song and Story (Eliza Records, 3304 Rittenhouse, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20915).

Gary Larson's "The Far Side" featured "Abraham Lincoln's First Car" in a cartoon syndicated in June. The motor vehicle, ensconced in a museum, was made of logs.

The Silversmiths Group USA, Inc. (6925 Union Park Center, Midvale, Utah 84047) has announced the casting in silver and bronze of Guzon Borglum's Lincoln sculpture that was dedicated in 1911 in Newark, New Jersey, with Theodore Roosevelt as the keynote speaker. The statue features Lincoln sitting on a bench, his right hand resting on the bench next to his top hat. The life-sized sculpture has enticed many people—young and old alike—to sit next to Lincoln and contemplate with him despite the present-day graffiti on the piece.

The 59th Lincoln pilgrimage patch issued by the Lincoln Museum, Fort Wayne, features its new logo, Lincoln's top hat on a background of yellow and white.

John and Rose Ahart again produced Your Obedient Servant, A. Lincoln at New Salem from July 7 through August 2. Mr. Lincoln and the 4th of July premiered at Lincoln's New Salem on August 8, 9, and 16. All performances took place in the new Visitors Center Theatre.

KQED Video Library (2601 Mariposa, San Francisco, CA 94110) has for sale Memory and Imagination about the Library of Congress, which includes a touching sequence on its Lincoln memorabilia described by the actor Sam Waterston.

On August 27, a life-sized statue titled Lincoln and Douglas in Debate by the sculptor Lily Tolpo was dedicated in Freeport, Illinois, commemorating one of the Freeport debates.

The State Journal-Register on April 28 reported that a crew from [End Page 64] Hong Kong TV was filming in Springfield. "People in Hong Kong know a lot about Lincoln," said Kinsin Kwok. The Illinois documentary ran in September on Asia Television.

Many are unaware of Woody Allen's satirical play The Query in his book Side Effects (Random House). The one-act play describes an incident in the life of President Lincoln, when a distraught father visited the president to ask that his soldier son be pardoned. The man was compelled to ask, "Mr. Lincoln, how long do you think a man's legs should be?" Lincoln answered, "Long enough to reach the ground."

White River Pictures has produced the video Black Easter: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln written by William Hanchett and directed by Gary L. Beebe (TN Releasing Co., 400 S. Farrell Dr., Palm Springs, CA 92262).

The October 5 cover story for U.S. News & World Report was "Lincoln: What Made Him Great and How We Can Learn From Him." Gerald Parshall observed: "In making important decisions, Lincoln the President, like Lincoln the lawyer, relied less on experts or books or reports than on his own intuition.... Blocking out the hubbub around him, he withdrew into the jury room of the concentrated mind. When he re-emerged, a resolve would have formed, a resolve not easily shaken."

The first quarter issue of Sculpture Review contained the illustrated articles "Vinnie Reem: The Teen Who Sculptured Abe Lincoln" by Valerie Thompson and "Monumental Sculpture on Civil War Battlefields" by Michael W. Panhorst.

Assassins, the musical by Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman about nine of the thirteen people who have attempted to kill an American president (four of them successfully), was performed at Theater Works in New Milford, Connecticut, during September and October.

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Kathy Brown Wing was the artist of the watercolor "The Honest Politician (Primus Rhode Island Politicus)" featuring Lincoln as an eagle looking down on the Rhode Island State House. The work was sponsored by Common Cause.

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During the week of December 7, PBS presented an hour-long documentary "Abraham Lincoln: A New Birth of Freedom." There was commentary from Mario Cuomo, Harold Holzer, Cullom Davis, Charles Strozier, James M. McPherson, John Y. Simon, and Mary Frances Berry.

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Kunhardt Productions presented, on December 26 and 27 over ABC-TV, the four-hour "Lincoln: The Making of a President: 1860– [End Page 65] 1862"; "The Pivotal Year, 1863";" 'I Want to Finish this Job': 1864"; and "'Now He Belongs to the Ages': 1865." PBS Video is selling this set, including Abraham Lincoln: A New Birth of Freedom (1320 Braddock, Alexandria, VA 22314-1698). The set includes a teachers' guide and can be ordered with a video index in order to use Lincoln as a teaching tool. Bill Carter's review "Mr. Lincoln Earns a Network Documentary" for the Sunday New York Times on December 20 called this a "personal statement," as it is the culmination of the Kunhardt family's interest in Lincoln that has spanned five generations. In "Lincoln Reconstructed" (Newsweek, December 28), Harry Waters called the documentary "dazzling" and "superb" as it is the first full TV biography of "our greatest president." Yet, in his review for the December 28 issue of Time, "Trying to Hype History," Richard Zoglin believes that the producers "missed," even with music by Alen Menken (Aladdin), narration by James Earl Jones, and Jason Robards speaking the words of Lincoln. Zoglin says that the all-star voice-overs distracted listeners; he complains about the lack of commentators as used in Ken Burns's "The Civil War." Walter Goodman, in "Lincoln's Words, Brady's Photographs" for the New York Times on December 25 noted that the documentary seemed to lack "a central idea beyond reverence for Lincoln."

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The cover of the Journal of the American Bar Association for March 1991 featured a contemporary-looking Lincoln sitting at his computer with the quote "A lawyer's time and advice are his stock in trade." Because of the cover's popularity, the ABA has reproduced it suitable for framing (ABA Journal Poster, 6th Floor, 750 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611).

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June Bingham has written a book for the musical Another Lincoln (about Mary Lincoln), with music and lyrics by Carmel Owen.

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Jack Menges (1088 Irvine Blvd., Suite 287, Tustin, CA 92680) has reproduced in bronze the Leonard Volk lifemask and hands of Lincoln.

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The Institute for Public Affairs of Sangamon State University has for sale the only documentary produced on the restoration and preservation of the Lincoln Home in Springfield, "The Lincolns of Springfield, Illinois," which was broadcast on PBS.

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Exhibits

"A House Divided: Maryland During the Civil War" opened at the Maryland Historical Society. [End Page 66]

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"A Divided Mind: Political Satires of the American Civil War" opened in the Madison Building of the Library of Congress.

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Mario M. Cuomo and Harold Holzer provided the guest commentary to a rare printing of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address on view at the New-York Historical Society during June and July. Although remembered for its tone of reconciliation, the speech was intended to send a message to the South that the Union's war aims would continue "until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword." The printing was part of a continuing exhibit, "Markers of Change: Documents of American History."

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The "Chronicle" in the November 15, 1991, New York Times described how seventy women from twenty states formed Friends of First Ladies to help raise $2 million to restore the inaugural gown collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History. (They were successful, as the Library of Congress announced in its Bulletin for April 6.) The jewelry purchased by President Lincoln from Tiffany and worn by Mrs. Lincoln at the 1865 Inaugural Ball is on loan from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress for the Smithsonian's exhibition "First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image."

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From October 20, 1991, through January 5, 1992, the Chrysler Museum of Norfolk, Virginia, featured "An Enduring Interest: The Photographs of Alexander Gardner." The exhibit then traveled to the International Center of Photography in New York City and was reviewed by Charles Hagen in the New York Times on July 31 ("A Civil War Image Maker's Belated Recognition"). Accompanying the exhibit was a handsome booklet with an introduction by Brooks Johnson and including the article "Abraham Lincoln and the Conspiracy Against Him" by Lloyd Ostendorf.

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Herbert Mitgang wrote "On Paper, the Evolution of the United States" for the July 6 New York Times. He describes "one of the strongest private collections of American historical manuscripts," exhibited at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City during July and August. "The Making of America" included "The Civil War and Abolition" (with Lincoln's telegram to General Grant indicating that he will "succeed"); a letter revealing Lincoln's desire to play fair in the publication of the Lincoln-Douglas debates (instructing the Ohio lawyer who would publish the debates, "Let there be no color of complaint that a word, or letter, in Douglas' speeches, has been changed"); and Admiral Farragut's handmade battle plan and maps for capturing New Orleans. [End Page 67]

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Platter Gedney was the guest curator for "'The Camera Is the Eye of History': A Collection of Civil War Photographs: Scenes in and Around the Nation's Capital, 1861–1865," drawn from his collection and displayed at the Charles Sumner School Museum and Archives in Washington, D.C.

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The Chicago Public Library sponsored "From Optimism to Despair: Changing Views of the Civil War" from July 6, 1992 through January 30, 1993.

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From December 31 through January 4, 1993, the fragile but telling Emancipation Proclamation was removed from its vault and exhibited in the National Archives to mark the 130th anniversary of Lincoln's Proclamation on New Year's Day 1863. The five-page document is written on both sides of two sheets of paper and the front of a third. The display marked the first time that the entire text was available for viewing at one time. The New York Times reported the event on December 20.

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Tours

The Civil War Round Table (Chicago) conducted a tour of Springfield from October 4–6, 1991. Tour guides included Ralph Geoffrey Newman and James T. Hickey. Thomas F. Schwartz, curator of the Henry Horner Lincoln Collection, described the Lincoln collection at the Illinois State Historical Library.

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The Surratt Society announced that the September 14 and October 5, 1991 tours of the Booth escape route were sold out.

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Lee C. Moorehead's Lincoln Seminar and visit to Lincoln sites were held from July 10 to 12 and included a stop at Batavia and its Bellevue Place, where Mary Todd Lincoln was a patient in 1875. Lewis P. Mallow, Jr., presented the multimedia "Life of Abraham Lincoln." Other speakers were Wayne C. Temple ("Lincoln's Illinois"), William Beard ("Lincoln the Lawyer"), and George C. Painter ("How the Lincoln Home Was Secured as a National Treasure").

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Auctions

This year produced an auction record for a Lincoln manuscript. On November 20, Christie's sold an autograph quotation of one paragraph of the Second Inaugural Address for the sum of $1.32 million, setting a world auction record for a U.S. manuscript. The [End Page 68] price was unexpected because the item was not the entire speech, but only an extract. News of the auction appeared in Auction News from Christie's in November, with an article by Chris Coover. The document had a pre-bid estimate of $300,000–$400,000. This record was broken within a month.

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Rita Raif's "Lincoln's 'House Divided' Draft to Be Sold" appeared in the August 18 edition of the New York Times and broadcast the fact that an earlier known draft of Lincoln's "House Divided" speech opposing slavery was to be auctioned by Sotheby's on December 16. Estimated at between $300,000 and $500,000, it sold instead for $1.5 million. The buyers were New York businessmen Richard Gilder and Lewis E. Lehrman. Charles Pierce, Jr., director of the Pierpont Morgan Library, announced that the manuscript would be added to its collection of American historical documents acquired by Gilder and Lehrman. The collection was placed on deposit at the Morgan Library in July. Rita Raif also reported the world record in "The Year in the Arts: Arts & Artifacts/1992" in the Sunday New York Times on December 27.

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As if this were not bad enough, both Sotheby's and Christie's announced that the commissions they receive from buyers will be raised to 15 percent from 10 percent.

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The December 16 auction also had a heretofore unknown letter dated December 21, 1861, from Lincoln to General John C. Frémont that sold for $140,000 (pre-bid estimate was $50,000–$75,000). The letter proves that the president had the grasp of military knowledge and strategy necessary to win the war, "We must find a way to put the strength of our game—superior numbers—into the play."

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The Paul Perlin collection of presidential campaign memorabilia (with a pre-bid estimate of $2,500,000–$3,500,000) was not sold as planned by Sotheby's on December 12, 1991, because the sale did not meet the reserve. A signed copy of Political Debates Between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas also was not sold as it, too, did not meet the reserve. A reward poster with the printed signature of L. C. Baker offering $30,000 for the capture of John Wilkes Booth and describing the assassin was sold for $17,600. Sold for $93,500 was a letter in which Lincoln defended his stand on the Mexican War: "As one of my votes on the origins of the Mexican war, and my speech on the subject, had been the object of loco foco assault, tell Judge Logan I am much obliged to him for his vindication of me. No fair-minded, sensable [sic] man, can take any other view of the matter."

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The January issue of Connoisseur contains Jerry Patterson's "Val- [End Page 69] uations," an article about the quirky state of American autograph collecting in the 1980s. Mark E. Neely, Jr., has since remarked that probably 5 to 10 percent of Lincoln's letters and endorsements were sold during that period. This figure is remarkable when one considers that it is 130 years after Lincoln's death and that most of his output was never for sale because it belonged to his son Robert and the U.S. government.

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Lincoln's letter to his political friend Major General John A. McClernand in which he dismissed the thought that the real goal in emancipation was to "enslave, or exterminate the whites of the South" sold for $748,000. Believing the price to be in error, I asked Christie's for verification and was told, "This price is correct." Prices, indeed, are fast outpacing the ability of scholars and hobbyists to meet them.

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The cover of Christie's auction catalog for May 14 featured Lincoln's autograph quotation from his annual message to Congress, "I shall not attempt to retract or modify the Emancipation Proclamation; nor shall I return to slavery any person who is free by the terms of the Proclamation." It sold for $462,000, with a pre-bid estimate of $80,000–$120,000. At the same auction, a letter by John Hay, assistant secretary to the president, hinting at the forthcoming Emancipation Proclamation and dated July 20, 1862, sold for $24,200 (with a pre-bid estimate of $2,500–$3,500). An autograph letter signed "A. Lincoln" as president to Ulysses S. Grant ("I begin to see it. You will succeed. God bless you all.") sold for $418,000, with a pre-bid of $18,000–$25,000.

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The Brian Riba auction held on June 13 featured signed cartes de visite, including one signed by Lincoln that sold for $25,000.

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The October 14 auction at Swann Galleries fetched $41,800 (estimate $12,000–$ 18,000) for a sample book from Mathew Brady's National Photographic Art Gallery containing approximately 480 cartes of American and European notables.

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Awards and Prizes

The prestigious Pulitzer Prize in history went to Mark E. Neely, Jr., for The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (Oxford). The New York Times reported on April 8 that Neely had studied more than ten thousand cases relating to the suspension of the writ of habeus corpus during the Civil War and brought to light one of the most troublesome issues of the Lincoln administration. Neely [End Page 70] was quoted as saying, "I guess my conclusion was that we have forgotten what it was like for all kinds of people to become captives of military power when a war was being fought on our own soil." For his book, he also received the fourth annual Achievement Award from the Lincoln Group of New York and his second Barondess Award from the Civil War Round Table of New York.

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The fifth annual Achievement Award from the Lincoln Group of New York was presented on November 19 to Garry Wills for Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America. The book was a finalist in the nonfiction category for a National Book Award.

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Shelby Foote received the Civil War Round Table (Chicago) 1992 Nevins-Freeman Award. When he received his prize on November 9, he spoke on "The Novelist as Historian." Wayne C. Temple received the Round Table's Distinguished Service Award on October 5, 1991.

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The creation of the annual Abraham Lincoln Association Manuscript Prize was announced by the association and Southern Illinois University Press, its cosponsor, in February, with a mailing of more than 3,500 brochures calling for manuscripts. The panel of judges, chaired by John Y. Simon, includes Richard N. Current, Mark E. Neely, Jr., and Robert W. Johannsen. Winning authors will receive a publication contract and a $1,000 prize provided by Southern Illinois University Press. Manuscripts are due by September 1 each year.

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William S. McFeely, author of Frederick Douglass (Norton), and Charles Royster, author of The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson and the Americans (Knopf) shared the $50,000 Lincoln Prize presented by the Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College. Royster was also the recipient of the 1992 Bancroft Prize in American history. The Lincoln Prize Advisory Council announced that it would be making lifetime awards beginning in 1993.

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Amy Hammond of Eldorado (Illinois) Junior High School won first prize in the sixth annual Lincoln Essay Competition Awards presented by the Lincoln Home National Historic Site. Second prize went to Frank Talaga (Brookwood Junior High School, Glenwood, Illinois), third to Jenny Duda (Brookwood), and fourth to Crystal Chiu (Casey Junior High School, Mt. Vernon, Illinois).

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The Lincoln Academy of Illinois, on January 31, established its Hall of Fame of Historic Illinoisans. Through the efforts of John T. Trutter, chancellor, and Ralph G. Newman, chair of the Selection Committee, the academy announced the first fifty honorees, who [End Page 71] included Lincoln and Douglas, as well as Lincoln authors Carl Sandburg, Edgar Lee Masters, and Vachel Lindsay.

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The thirty-fourth annual Grammy Awards, presented at Radio City Music Hall on February 25, recognized Ken Burns's original soundtrack recording of "The Civil War" in both the Traditional Folk and Spoken Word categories.

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Stephen B. Oates received the 1992 Kidger Award from the New England History Teacher's Association.

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U.S. District Judge Richard Mills received the Lincoln the Lawyer Award from the Abraham Lincoln Association on February 12. His acceptance remarks were published in the April issue of the Sangamon Historical Society Historico.

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The U.S. Department of Interior awarded the Junior League of Springfield its prestigious Conservation Service Award in a ceremony held in Washington on May 5. Manuel Lujan made the presentation to Junior League President Barbara Hennessy for the league's role in preserving the Corneau House and for its efforts to establish and support the Lincoln Home National Historic Site.

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Gary R. Planck, president of the Lincoln Group of Florida, was presented the Algernon-Sydney Sullivan Award by Lincoln Memorial University on May 9.

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The Pearson Museum of Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, received an Award of Merit from the American Association of Museums for Caduceus: A Museum Journal for the Health Sciences, edited by Glen W. Davidson. The award-winning Spring 1991 issue of Caduceus featured the theme "Museums and the Human Remains Controversy," with an article on Lincoln and the first printing of the DNA report from the committee that considered the examination of Lincoln's autopsy specimens.

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The Lincoln National Bank in Del City announced in its February 12 special edition Lincoln Letter the eleven schoolchildren honored in the 1992 Lincoln Essay Contest.

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The Association of Lincoln Presenters inaugurated the annual Glenn Schnizlein Memorial Lincoln Award for the person who best portrays Abraham or Mary Lincoln.

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The Civil War historian and professor at Columbia University Barbara Fields received one of the thirty-three McArthur Fellowships on June 15.

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The "Chronicle" of the New York Times on July 4 mentioned the mutual Lincoln interest of Mario Cuomo and Margaret Thatcher. Mrs. Thatcher narrated Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait for Salute to Democracy (EMI). The Sunday Telegraph reported one of her favorite [End Page 72] Lincoln quotes: "The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present."

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The Stephen A. Douglas Association honored Robert Miller, curator of the Vivian G. Harsh Collection of Afro-American History, on September 4 and Father Michael Pfleger, civic activist, on July 12.

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Lloyd H. Efflandt received a Certificate of Excellence from the Congress of Illinois Historical Societies and Museums for Lincoln and the Black Hawk War.

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Lincoln Home National Historic Site

The National Park Service officially opened the Sarah Cook House on November 14, 1991.

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The Lincoln Heritage lectures, held on February 12, were presented by Paul H. Verduin ("Plantation Overseers, Patriots, Pioneers: New Light on Lincoln and His Hanks Forebears") and Richard N. Current ("From Civil War to World Power, 1865–1914"). A report of Verduin's paper appeared in the February 12 issue of the State Journal-Register, indicating that at least two Lincoln ancestors were plantation overseers and that one of them, according to Verduin, had beaten a runaway slave to death. Lincoln's maternal great-grandfather, Joseph Hanks, and a maternal great, great-grandfather, William Lee (Joseph Hanks's father-in-law) were slave overseers in Richmond County, Virginia, before the Revolutionary War. Current discussed the erroneous perception that America somehow became a world power following the Civil War. In fact, it needed a period of consolidation and healing before it was ready to assume that role.

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The Sangamon County Historical Society met on March 23 at the Visitors Center to hear Site Superintendent Norman Hellmers speak on the history of the home and plans for the future development of its neighborhood.

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A premiere of the video and teachers' guide In Mr. Lincoln's Footsteps was held on April 28. The product originated in the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency and received additional contributions from the National Park Service, the Board of Education, and the Illinois Humanities Council. The video serves as an orientation to the Lincoln sites in the Springfield area.

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The Lincoln Home has published a brochure "The Home at Eighth and Jackson: Twenty Years of Progress, 1972–1992." [End Page 73]

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial Lincoln City, Indiana

On December 4, 1991, the memorial celebrated the 175th anniversary of the Lincoln family's arrival in the newly formed state of Indiana. The program included a discussion of "The Indiana of 1816" by Douglas E. Clanin and a presentation on "The Influence of Indiana on Abraham Lincoln: The Man and the President" by Douglas L. Wilson.

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The Lincoln Club of Southern Indiana and the National Park Service held its annual Lincoln Day Program on February 9, with Rodney O. Davis as speaker.

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From June 12 to 14, Spencer County hosted the 1992 Indiana Lincoln Festival, which included performances of Young Abe Lincoln, Lincoln theme films, and a Lincoln lookalike contest. Participating sites were the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial, Lincoln State Park, Young Abe Lincoln Outdoor Drama, Colonel William Jones Home, and the Holiday World Theme Park.

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Between July 20 and 25, the six films in which Hal Holbrook played Lincoln (Sandburg's Lincoln) were shown at the Visitors Center.

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The Lincoln on Democracy Project

Anna Minicucci discussed the project and the book in "Mario Cuomo Pushes for Democracy in Poland" in the Providence Echo on September 13, 1991.

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On February 2, the Gannett Suburban Newspapers reported that Lincoln on Democracy had sold more than twelve thousand copies in hardcover and twenty-five thousand in paperback. Coeditor Harold Holzer was quoted as saying, "Unfortunately, that's the only book I've ever written that I don't collect royalties on." The money earned goes for future translations into foreign languages. A Japanese translation has been issued, and plans are underway for an edition in Hungary and in Russia.

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The Georgia State Bar Journal reviewed the book in its November 1991-January 1992 issue.

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Periodicals

The September 1991 issue of American Astrology discussed "The [End Page 74] Abe Lincoln Scandal—Astrology Clears Up Doubts About His Birth and Parentage" by Lina Accurso.

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Harold Holzer's article about Lincoln impersonators, "Disarmingly Abe" was in the February issue of Americana. The Association of Lincoln Presenters began with the publication of the fall 1990 newsletter Lincarnations (contact Daniel Bassuk, 268A River Road, Neshanic, NJ 08853). The spring issue included "Abraham Lincoln Presenters of Yesteryear."

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Harold Holzer's annual article for the Antique Trader appeared on February 12 ("Lincoln as the Europeans Saw Him"). Holzer's "A Picture's Worth," in which he answers questions about Lincoln and Washington prints, also appeared.

163

"The Words That Remade America: Lincoln at Gettysburg" by Garry Wills was the featured article of the June issue of The Atlantic. Wills observes that Lincoln's address was a new interpretation of the Constitution, with Lincoln looking not to the legal language of the Constitution but to its spirit and giving preeminence to the Declaration of Independence.

164

Gabor S. Boritt's "The Art of Rea Redifer: Interpretations of Lincoln" was in the October issue of Blue & Gray Magazine. W. Emerson Reck's story "Lincoln's Gratitude Regained," about the honorary degree conferred upon Lincoln by Columbia University and the rediscovery of Lincoln's letter acknowledging the honor, was in the December issue.

165

The spring 1991 issue of Caduceus: A Museum Journal for the Health Sciences contained "When the Patient Is Abraham Lincoln" by Marc S. Micozzi and the "Advisory Statement by the Panel on DNA Testing of Abraham Lincoln's Tissue" by Victor McKusick.

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William Stage's "Illinois Researchers Reconstruct Record of Abe's Lawyer Days" appeared in the February 14 issue of the Christian Science Monitor. Donald T. Phillips, author of Lincoln on Leadership, discussed "Without Truth, Integrity, Leadership Is Hollow, Lincoln Emphasized" in the same paper.

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In anticipation of their forthcoming book Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: The Art of the Civil War (Crown), Mark E. Neely, Jr., and Harold Holzer previewed the many Civil War prints that will appear in their article "Enduring Images of a Nation Divided: The Great Printmakers of the Civil War" in the November–December issue of Civil War.

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Richard E. Beringer's "Jefferson Davis's Pursuit of Ambition: The Attractive Features of Alternative Decisions" was in the March issue of Civil War History. The June issue contained Douglas L. Wilson's [End Page 75] "Abraham Lincoln and 'That Fatal First of January,'" in which the author describes what appears to be the infatuation of Lincoln and that of his best friend, Joshua F. Speed, with Matilda Edwards at the time Lincoln was engaged to Mary Todd—thus the reason for "the fatal first of January" 1841 when Lincoln missed his planned nuptuals. The September issue contained James A. Stevenson's "Abraham Lincoln on Labor and Capital" and Joseph George, Jr.'s "Subornation of Perjury at the Lincoln Conspiracy Trial? Joseph Hought, Robert Purdy, and the Lon Letter." The December issue included Steven E. Woodworth's "'The Indeterminate Quantities': Jefferson Davis, Leonidas Polk, and the End of Kentucky Neutrality, September 1861," as well as William C. Harris's "Conservative Unionists and the Presidential Election of 1864" and Brian Holden Reid's "Historians and the Joint Committee on the Conduct of