| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 93.4

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| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 93.4 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Francis Lieber and the Culture of the Mind. Ed. by Charles R. Mack and Henry H. Lesesne. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005. xviii, 196 pp. $39.95, ISBN 1-57003-535-0.)
Francis Lieber and the Culture of the Mind, edited by Charles R. Mack and Henry H. Lesesne, contains essays from a symposium devoted to Francis Lieber held at the University of South Carolina in 2001. Lieber, a Prussian immigrant to the United States, worked as a professor of political economy and history at that school from 1835 to 1856 and subsequently in a similar capacity at Columbia College (later University) until his death in 1872.	1
This work is timely, as interest in Lieber has emerged following reports of abuse of detainees by U.S. forces in the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Lieber constructed a code of military conduct issued to the Union army in 1863 as General Orders No. 100 that included rules for humane treatment of prisoners of war. L. Lynn Hogue's essay, "Lieber's Military Code and Its Legacy," traces the code's history. James Turner Johnson, in "Lieber and the Theory of War," observes that Lieber believed that making war short required great violence. He allowed soldiers to follow "military necessity" to gain quick victory and thereby legitimately to inflict considerable suffering on noncombatants. Conversely, Gregory A. Raymond's "Lieber and the International Laws of War" finds that Lieber curtailed the use of military necessity as a rationale for waging war against noncombatants by limiting it to unavoidable circumstances.	. . .

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