| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 93.2

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| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 93.2 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

To Intermix with Our White Brothers: Indian Mixed Bloods in the United States from Earliest Times to the Indian Removals. By Thomas N. Ingersoll. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005. xxii, 450 pp. $39.95, ISBN 0-8263-3287-0.)

Thomas N. Ingersoll's history of Indian-white "mixed bloods" between early contact and about 1840 is timely, encyclopedic in scope, and deeply researched. Yet it is flatly unconvincing. Its thesis is that "white" Americans—beginning with colonial elites, then expanding over two centuries to include Jacksonian Democrats—discouraged white-Indian unions and rejected the legitimacy of those unions that did form, primarily out of fear of appearing "blackened" to Europe. This argument fails to convince on three fronts: first, because of a lack of evidence that whites in any period dwelt on isolated European dismissals of them as "mixed" or that antebellum whites were particularly worried about being contaminated by Indian "blood"; second, because it exaggerates whites' conflation of "Indians" and "blacks"; and third, because it downplays the influence of land struggles in white perceptions of mixed bloods.

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