| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 92.1

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| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 92.1 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

The Donkey, the Carrot, and the Club: William C. Bullitt and Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1948. By Michael Cassella-Blackburn. (Westport: Praeger, 2004. xiv, 287 pp. $69.95, ISBN 0-275-96820-0.)
This is an important book based on exhaustive research in Russian archives. Beatrice Farnsworth's study, William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union, blamed Commissar of Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov for intransigence in failing to compromise the debt/credit issue in the period after the U.S. recognition of the Soviet Union. No matter how hard William C. Bullitt (ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1933 to 1936) tried to get U.S.-Soviet relations successfully started, Litvinov sabotaged him.	1
Michael Cassella-Blackburn proves that Bullitt nixed any deal short of a total victory on this issue in order to ingratiate himself with the State Department. Furthermore, Bullitt was deeply anti-Soviet and sided with the Division of Eastern European Affairs of the State Department and its head, Robert F. Kelley. Kelley had prepared America's first generation of Soviet experts during the twenties—the "Riga school." Two of his protégés, Loy Henderson and George F. Kennan, helped shape Bullitt's negative attitude. Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Assistant Secretary of State R. Walton Moore were also influenced by Kelley.	. . .

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