| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 91.4

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| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 91.4 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Booker T. Washington and Black Progress: Up from Slavery 100 Years Later. Ed. by W. Fitzhugh Brundage. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. viii, 227 pp. $55.00, ISBN 0-8130-2674-1.)

W. Fitzhugh Brundage has edited a timely collection of essays reexamining the politics and philosophy of Booker T. Washington, especially as reflected in his autobiography, Up from Slavery (1901). At the beginning of the twentieth century Booker T. Washington was the most influential African American in the United States. During most of the next hundred years his reputation declined, first among African Americans and then among historians. His critics within the African American community accused him of being an apologist for segregation, of undermining black education, and of using his power to suppress his political enemies. Louis Harlan, in his two-volume biography of Washington (1972, 1983), essentially agreed with these accusations. Both he and August Meier (Negro Thought in America, 1880–1915, 1963) described a more complex Washington, who occasionally worked against segregation and disfranchisement, quietly, behind the scenes, and generally ineffectually; they confirmed his use of the Tuskegee Machine to reward his friends and silence his critics. The Meier and Harlan image of Washington prevailed through the end of the century.

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