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June, 2004
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Vol. 91, No. 1

June 2004



Editorial Staff

Round Table:Brown v. Board of Education, Fifty Years After

Whose Integration Was It? An Introduction
Kevin Gaines 19

Two Cheers for Brown v. Board of Education
Clayborne Carson 26

Brown as a Cold War Case
Mary L. Dudziak 32

The Costs of Brown: Black Teachers and School Integration
Adam Fairclough 43

The Many Facets of Brown: Integration in a Multiracial Society
Scott Kurashige 56

Postwar Pluralism, Brown v. Board of Education, and the Origins of Multicultural Education
Daryl Michael Scott 69

"The Whole United States Is Southern!":Brown v. Board and the Mystification of Race
Charles M. Payne 83

From Racial Liberalism to Racial Literacy:Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Divergence Dilemma
Lani Guinier 92

Articles

Sex, Segregation, and the Sacred after Brown
Jane Dailey 119

Affirmative Action from Below: Civil Rights, the Building Trades, and the Politics of Racial Equality in the Urban North, 1945–1969
Thomas J. Sugrue 145

Exhibition Reviews

Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site; Birmingham Civil Rights Institute; and National Civil Rights Museum
by David A. Zonderman 174

"Rivers, Edens, Empires: Lewis and Clark and the Revealing of America;" and "Beyond Lewis and Clark: The Army Explores the West,"
By John Rennie Short 183

Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
By Robert Lee 187

"The Price of Freedom: Anthony Burns and the Fugitive Slave Act,"
By Martin Blatt 189

"The Chinese American Experience in Minnesota,"
By Erika Lee 192

"Remembering Generations: The Greek Immigrant's Journey,"
By George A. Kourvetaris 196

Texas Prison Museum
By Alex Lichtenstein 197

Book Reviews

Norton, In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692, by Neal Salisbury 201

McGreevy, Catholicism and American Freedom: A History, by Charles H. Lippy 202

Stokes, ed., The State of U.S. History, by Lewis Perry 204

Wiebe, Who We Are: A History of Popular Nationalism, by Stuart McConnell 205

Gordon and Gordon, Literacy in America: Historic Journey and Contemporary Solutions, by E. Jennifer Monaghan 206

Friedman and McGarvie, eds., Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History, by John C. Schneider 207

van Minnen and Hilton, eds., Nation on the Move: Mobility in U.S. History, by Donald Parkerson 208

Bolkhovitinov, ed., Amerikanskaia tsivilizatsiia kak istoricheskiifenomen: Vospriiatie SShA v amerikanskoi, zapadnoevropeiskoi, i russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli (Americancivilization as a historical phenomenon: Perception of the United Statesin American, west European, and Russian social thought), by David C. Engerman 209

Oberg, Uncas: First of the Mohegans, by William B. Hart 210

Williamson, Powhatan Lords of Life and Death: Command and Consentin Seventeenth-Century Virginia, by Douglas Deal 211

Meyers, Common Whores, Vertuous Women, and Loveing Wives: Free Will Christian Women in Colonial Maryland, by Margaret Susan Thompson 212

Pagan, Anne Orthwood's Bastard: Sex and Law in Early Virginia, by John Gilman Kolp 213

Merritt, At the Crossroads: Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier,1700–1763, by Nancy L. Hagedorn 213

Chet, Conquering the American Wilderness: The Triumph of European Warfare in the Colonial Northeast, by James D. Drake 214

Foster, The Captors' Narrative: Catholic Women and Their Puritan Men on the Early American Frontier, by Emerson W. Baker 215

Bach, Voices of the Turtledoves: The Sacred World of Ephrata, by Timothy Miller 216

Zakai, Jonathan Edwards's Philosophy of History: The Reenchantment of the World in the Age of Enlightenment, by George M. Marsden 217

Hoeveler, Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges, by Melvin Yazawa 218

Hoffer, The Great New York Conspiracy of 1741: Slavery, Crime, and Colonial Law, by Graham Russell Gao Hodges 219

Bodle, The Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War, by Michael P. Gabriel 219

Hendrickson, Peace Pact: The Lost World of the American Founding, by Kevin R. C. Gutzman 220

Ferling, A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic,by Edward Countryman 221

Horn, Lewis, and Onuf, eds., The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic, by John P. Kaminski 222

Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America; and Kennedy, Mr. Jefferson's Lost Cause: Land, Farmers, Slavery, and the Louisiana Purchase, by Michael A. Morrison 223

Addis, Jefferson's Vision for Education, 1760–1845, by David W. Robson 225

Brown and Brown, The Hanging of Ephraim Wheeler: A Story of Rape, Incest, and Justice in Early America, by C. Dallett Hemphill 225

Perciaccante, Calling Down Fire: Charles Grandison Finney and Revivalismin Jefferson County, New York, 1800–1840, by Mark A. Noll 226

DeRogatis, Moral Geography: Maps, Missionaries, and the American Frontier, by Gregory Nobles 227

Kolchin, A Sphinx on the American Land: The Nineteenth-Century Southin Comparative Perspective, by Bertram Wyatt-Brown 228

Bingham, Mordecai: An Early American Family, by Mark S. Schantz 229

Schafer, Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley: African Princess, Florida Slave, Plantation Slave-owner, by Virginia Gould 230

Rothman, Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families across the Color Linein Virginia, 1787–1861, by Joan R. Gundersen 231

Miller, South by Southwest: Planter Emigration and Identity in the Slave South,by Robert E. Bonner 231

Fett, Working Cures: Healing, Health, and Power on Southern Slave Plantations, by James O. Breeden 232

Schroeder, Slave to the Body: Black Bodies, White No-Bodies, and the Regulative Dualism of Body-Politics in the Old South, by Michael Sappol 233

Tallant, Evil Necessity: Slavery and Political Culture in Antebellum Kentucky,by James M. Prichard 234

Hagedorn, Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad, by Matthew Pinsker 235

Douthit, Uncertain Encounters: Indians and Whites at Peace and Warin Southern Oregon, 1820s to 1860s, by Robert Carriker 236

Burns and Orsi, eds., Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California, by Mark A. Eifler 236

Sacher, A Perfect War of Politics: Parties, Politicians, and Democracy in Louisiana,1824–1861, by Samuel C. Hyde Jr. 237

Monroe, The Republican Vision of John Tyler, by Lex Renda 238

Wolff, Richard Caton Woodville: American Painter, Artful Dodger, by Joshua Brown 239

Sacks, Understanding Emerson: "The American Scholar" and His Struggle for Self-Reliance; and Walls,Emerson's Life in Science: The Culture of Truth, by Russell B. Goodman 240

Passet, Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality, by John C. Spurlock 241

Shammas, A History of Household Government in America, by Jane Turner Censer 242

McKanan, Identifying the Image of God: Radical Christians and Nonviolent Power in the Antebellum United States, by Leo P. Hirrel 243

DeCaro, "Fire from the Midst of You": A Religious Life of John Brown, by Stanley Harrold 244

Gordon, Black Identity: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalism, by Wilson J. Moses 245

Ratner and Teeter, Fanatics and Fire-Eaters: Newspapers and the Coming of the Civil War, by Menahem Blondheim 246

Roberts, Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization, by Benjamin Franklin Cooling 247

Kirsch, Baseball in Blue and Gray: The National Pastime during the Civil War, by Steven A. Riess 248

Ash, A Year in the South: Four Lives in 1865, by Mark Grimsley 248

Weeks, Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine, by Richard D. Starnes 249

Roberts, The Confederate Belle, by Anya Jabour 250

Branham and Hartnett, Sweet Freedom's Song: "My Country 'Tis of Thee" and Democracy in America, by Ronald D. Cohen 251

Crane, Race, Citizenship, and Law in American Literature, by Jared Gardner 252

Fitzgerald, Urban Emancipation: Popular Politics in Reconstruction Mobile,1860–1890, by Eric Anderson 253

Lebsock, A Murder in Virginia: Southern Justice on Trial, by Jane Dailey 254

Swann-Wright, A Way Out of No Way: Claiming Family and Freedom in the New South, by Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie 255

Aarim-Heriot, Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848–82; and De León,Racial Frontiers: Africans, Chinese, and Mexicans in Western America, 1848–1890, by Benson Tong 255

Lee, Lim, and Matsukawa, eds., Re/collecting Early Asian America: Essays in Cultural History, by John Cheng 257

Peterson del Mar, Beaten Down: A History of Interpersonal Violence in the West; and Leonard,Lynching in Colorado, 1859–1919, by Philip Mellinger 257

Dobak and Phillips, The Black Regulars, 1866–1898, by Geoffrey Hunt 259

Menchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, by Ernesto Chávez 260

Lewis, Creating Christian Indians: Native Clergy in the Presbyterian Church,by Michael D. McNally 261

Goff and Wacker, eds., Portraits of a Generation: Early Pentecostal Leaders, by Richard Kyle 261

Hanson, Mary McLeod Bethune & Black Women's Political Activism; and Hudson, The Making of "Mammy Pleasant": A Black Entrepreneur in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco, by Barbara Bair 262

Boag, Same-Sex Affairs: Constructing and Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific Northwest; and Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965, by William B. Turner 264

Findlay and Coates, eds., Parallel Destinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies, by Robert Bothwell 266

Gennaro Lerda and Maccarini, eds., Canadian and American Women: Moving from Private to Public Experiences in the Atlantic World, by Nancy Janovicek 266

Jackson, with Burtniak and Stein, The Mighty Niagara: One River—Two Frontiers,by Peter C. Mancall 267

Ivy, No Saloon in the Valley: The Southern Strategy of Texas Prohibitionists in the 1880s, by Richard F. Hamm 268

McBee, Dance Hall Days: Intimacy and Leisure among Working-Class Immigrants inthe United States, by Hasia R. Diner 269

Sterne, The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction, by Gregory J. Downey 269

Piott, Giving Voters a Voice: The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America, by Worth Robert Miller 270

Hirsch, After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman, by Victoria Bissell Brown 271

Hunt, Marion Butler and American Populism, by Gene Clanton 272

Seelye, War Games: Richard Harding Davis and the New Imperialism, by Thomas Schoonover 273

Hardwick, Mythic Galveston: Reinventing America's Third Coast, by James C. Maroney 274

Berg Sobré, San Antonio on Parade: Six Historic Festivals, by Walter L. Buenger 275

Majewski, Traitors and True Poles: Narrating a Polish-American Identity, 1880–1939, by Adam Walaszek 276

Sterba, Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants during the First World War,by Michael M. Topp 276

Dawley, Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution, by Mark Pittenger 277

Foulkes, Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism from Martha Graham to Alvin Ailey, by Anya Peterson Royce 278

Dinerstein, Swinging the Machine: Modernity, Technology, and African American Culture between the World Wars, by Burton W. Peretti 279

Nelson, Rumors of Indiscretion: The University of Missouri "Sex Questionnaire "Scandal in the Jazz Age, by Miriam Reumann 280

McLaren, Sexual Blackmail: A Modern History, by Stephen Robertson 281

Denenberg, Wallace Nutting and the Invention of Old America, by Harvey Green 282

Rasmussen and Tilton, Old Virginia: The Pursuit of a Pastoral Ideal, by W. Fitzhugh Brundage 282

Greenspan, Creating Colonial Williamsburg, by Johanna Miller Lewis 283

Fitzgerald, Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture,by Lorraine Garkovich 284

Grant, Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929–1945,by Catherine McNicol Stock 285

Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve, vol. 1: 1913–1951, by Hugh Rockoff 286

Roberts, A Penny for the Governor, a Dollar for Uncle Sam: Income Taxation in Washington, by W. Elliot Brownlee 287

Smith, Managing White Supremacy: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia, by Gaines M. Foster 287

Traverso, Welfare Politics in Boston, 1910–1940, by Edward D. Berkowitz 288

Bruce, A Fraternity of Arms: America and France in the Great War; and Zahniser, Then Came Disaster: France and the United States, 1918–1940, by David M. Esposito 289

Smith, God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War, by Gregory D. Black 291

Blue, Words at War: World War II Era Radio Drama and the Postwar Broadcasting Industry Blacklist, by David Culbert 291

Horten, Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda during World War II; and Miller, Emergency Broadcasting and 1930s American Radio, by Thomas Doherty 292

Hearden, Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order during World War II, by R. Craig Nation 294

Fisher, Nazi Saboteurs on Trial: A Military Tribunal and American Law, by Philippa Strum 295

Carafano, Waltzing into the Cold War: The Struggle for Occupied Austria, by Siegfried Beer 296

Jensen, Davidann, and Sugita, eds., Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century, by Barbara Bennett Peterson 296

Oren, Our Enemies and Us: America's Rivalries and the Making of Political Science, by Terence Ball 297

Jones, Toward a Just World: The Critical Years in the Search for International Justice, by Michael Dunne 298

Brett, The U.S. Catholic Press on Central America: From Cold War Anticommunism to Social Justice, by Stephen G. Rabe 299

Bays and Wacker, eds., The Foreign Missionary Enterprise at Home: Explorations in North American Cultural History, by Paul William Harris 300

Laville, Cold War Women: The International Activities of American Women's Organisations, by Mary L. Dudziak 301

Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization, by Peter F. Coogan 302

Westwick, The National Labs: Science in an American System, 1947–1974, by Roger D. Launius 303

Chafe, ed., The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and Its Legacies, by Robert C. Lieberman 304

Bernard, The Cajuns: Americanization of a People, by Michael L. Kurtz 305

Skocpol, Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life, by Peter Dobkin Hall 306

Dowbiggin, A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America, by Thomas R. Cole 307

Neuhaus, Manly Meals and Mom's Home Cooking: Cookbooks and Gender in Modern America, by Glenna Matthews 308

Stearns, Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America, by Julia Grant 308

Melosh, Strangers and Kin: The American Way of Adoption; and Carp, ed., Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives, by Rickie Solinger 309

Bloom and Willard, eds., Sports Matters: Race, Recreation, and Culture, by Daniel A. Nathan 311

Le Beau, The Atheist: Madalyn Murray O'Hair, by Bruce J. Dierenfield 312

Carroll, Felix Longoria's Wake: Bereavement, Racism, and the Rise of Mexican American Activism, by Vernon Carl Allsup 313

Wallenstein, Tell the Court I Love My Wife: Race, Marriage, and Law—An American History; and Romano, Race Mixing: Black-White Marriage in Postwar America, by Rachel F. Moran 314

Wilson, The Rise of Judicial Management in the U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas, 1955–2000, by John Dinan 316

Biondi, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City, by Kevin Mumford 316

Durr, Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940–1980, by Eric Arnesen 317

Korstad, Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-Twentieth-Century South; and Needleman, Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism, by Peter B. Levy 318

Hyde, ed., Sunbelt Revolution: The Historical Progression of the Civil Rights Struggle in the Gulf South, 1866–2000, by Gregg L. Michel 320

Gould, The Modern American Presidency, by Louis W. Liebovich 321

Watson and Eksterowicz, eds., The Presidential Companion: Readings on the First Ladies; and Martin, The Presidency and Women: Promise, Performance, and Illusion, by Betty Houchin Winfield 321

Busch, All the Way withJFK? Britain, the US, and the Vietnam War, by Mitchell B. Lerner 324

Woods, ed., Vietnam and the American Political Tradition: The Politics of Dissent, by Melvin Small 325

Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars ofCIA Director William Colby, by Kathryn S. Olmsted 326

McMillian and Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited, by Michael Kazin 326

Sorin, Irving Howe: A Life of Passionate Dissent, by Jeffrey W. Coker 327

Jeffries, Huey P. Newton: The Radical Theorist, by John T. McCartney 328

LaGrand, Indian Metropolis: Native Americans in Chicago, 1945–75, by Dominic A. Pacyga 329

Haney López, Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice, by Rodolfo F. Acuña 330

Atkins, Gay Seattle: Stories of Exile and Belonging, by Marc Stein 331

Evans, Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century's End, by Jane Gerhard 332

Hacker, The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States, by Bruce S. Jansson 332

Vale, Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods, by Robert B. Fairbanks 333

Ozersky, Archie Bunker's America:TV in an Era of Change, 1968–1978, by Michael Curtin 334

Sloane and Sloane, Medicine Moves to the Mall, by Nancy Tomes 335

Jones, Valuing Animals: Veterinarians and Their Patients in Modern America, by G. Terry Sharrer 336

Tyler, Silver Fox of the Rockies: Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts; and Kupel, Fuel for Growth: Water and Arizona's Urban Environment, by Daniel McCool 337

Montrie, To Save the Land and People: A History of Opposition to Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia, by Paul H. Rakes 338

Fink, The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South, by Gregg Andrews 339

Minchin, Forging a Common Bond: Labor and Environmental Activism during the BASF Lockout; and Marshall, "Lord, We're Just Trying to Save Your Water": Environmental Activism and Dissent in the Appalachian South, by Jack E. Davis 340

Brisbin, A Strike like No Other Strike: Law & Resistance during the Pittston Coal Strike of 1989–1990, by Richard P. Mulcahy 342

Pitti, The Devil in Silicon Valley: Northern California, Race, and Mexican Americans, by Martha Menchaca 343

Staley, Computers, Visualization, and History: How New Technology Will Transform Our Understanding of the Past; and Cantu and Warren, Teaching History in the Digital Classroom, by David S. Trask 344

Campbell-Kelly, From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry, by Colin B. Burke 345


Web Site Reviews

The Plymouth Colony Archive Project, by John Saillant 347

Afro-Louisiana History and Genealogy, 1719–1820, by Aaron Sheehan-Dean 348

Who Killed William Robinson? Race, Justice, and Settling the Land—A Historical Whodunit, by Stephen Robertson 349

The Duluth Lynchings Online Resource: Historical Documents Relating to the Tragic Events of June 15, 1920, by Scott Ellsworth 349

United States Senate Historical Office, by Drew E. VandeCreek 350

American Memory Learning Page, by Peter Seixas 351

Letters to the Editor 353
Announcements 357
Recent Scholarship 360
  African Americans
  Agricultural and Rural History
  Archives and Bibliography
  Business and Economics
  Civil War and Reconstruction
  Colonial and Revolutionary Period
  Demography
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  Gay and Lesbian History
  Gender and Sexuality
  Immigration, Ethnicity, and Internal Migration
  Indians
  Intellectual History
  International Relations
  Labor and Working-Class History
  Legal and Constitutional History
  Mass Communications
  Material Culture and Architecture
  Men and Masculinity
  Military History
  Music
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  Public History and Memory
  Race
  Religion
  Science and Medicine
  Social and Cultural History
  Social Welfare and Public Health
  Sports and Recreation
  Teaching, Surveys, and Textbooks
  Technology, Industry, and Transportation
  Theory and Methodology
  Urban and Suburban History
  Visual and Performing Arts
  Women and Femininity
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