| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 89.4

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| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 89.4 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

To Be Indian: The Life of Iroquois-Seneca Arthur Caswell Parker. By Joy Porter. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. xxiv, 309 pp. $34.95, ISBN 0-8061-3317-1.)

To many eyewitnesses, the year 1881 seemed to signal the end of American Indians as a vibrant and influential group. After years of warfare between the U.S. Army and Sioux resisting confinement to reservations, Sitting Bull finally surrendered at Fort Buford in the Dakota Territory. The same year, Helen Hunt Jackson's popular book A Century of Dishonor told the story of the persistent mistreatment of Indian tribes by the United States and the desperate conditions that mistreatment had produced. Some prominent figures predicted the gradual extinction of American Indians. Yet 1881 also saw the birth of a Seneca Indian named Arthur Caswell Parker on the Cattaraugus Reservation in western New York. Parker went on to educate thousands of Americans about Indian history and culture through his writings and museum exhibitions, and he had participated in many important debates about Indian policy by the time of his death in 1955. Parker's life, ably and sensitively recounted by Joy Porter, makes it clear that American Indian persistence and creativity did not end with the coming of the twentieth century.

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