| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 88.1

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| Book Review | The Journal of American History, 88.1 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

The Japanese Conspiracy: The Oahu Sugar Strike of 1920. By Masayo Umezawa Duus. Trans. by Beth Cary. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. xiv, 375 pp. Cloth, $55.00, ISBN 0-520-20484-0. Paper, $18.95, ISBN 0520-20485-9.)

Residents of Hawaii were alerted about a Japanese conspiracy in 1920. The Hawaii Sugar Planters Association (HSPA) and local newspapers suggested that a strike by Japanese sugarcane workers was being directed by Tokyo. By portraying the Japanese strikers in this fashion, the HSPA immediately placed their union, the Federation of Japanese Labor, on the defensive. It also gave the planters an opportunity to pressure Congress to lift restrictions on Chinese immigration to Hawaii, as a way of reducing the Japanese presence on the plantations. Ironically, by depicting the Japanese in a negative way, they fueled West Coast fears and contributed to the exclusion of the Japanese in 1924. 1

The strike had started on January 19, 1920, when Filipinos led by Pablo Manlapit had marched off their Oahu plantations to strike for higher wages. The Federation of Japanese Labor soon followed suit with an official strike declaration on January 30. In April, to draw attention to their cause, the Japanese and Filipinos organized a "77 cents" march to dramatize their demands for better wages. Protesting their meager pay for ten hours of work, they asked for a raise to $1.25 a day. . . .

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