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National History Day: Developing Digital Native Historians
Scott Scheuerell Loras College, Dubuque, Iowa
| UNFORTUNATELY, MANY STUDENTS, are failing to learn history. Fifty-seven percent of high school students scored "below basic understanding" on their knowledge of our nation's history.1 Interestingly, less than half of the students were familiar with Patrick Henry, the War of 1812, the Marshall Plan, or the Great Society.2 Perhaps the time has come for history teachers to consider other instructional approaches. Traditionally, students listen to lectures, read textbooks, and memorize facts for tests. Students are usually asked to memorize an endless number of names, dates, and details that they do not find interesting.3 The documentary category of the National History Day program offers a promising alternative to the traditional instructional approach. Students can be set to work doing research and can present their findings in a documentary using video editing software. I will present the findings of a case study that I conducted of the National History Day program which demonstrates that students are becoming historians when they produce a documentary for the contest. |
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National History Day | |
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The official mission of National History Day is "to improve the teaching and learning of history in elementary and secondary schools so students become better prepared, knowledgeable citizens."4 Due to the success of the program, there are now about 700,000 students in grades six to twelve who participate annually.5 Documentaries happen to be the fastest growing category in the program. Each student participant must pick a topic that relates to the annual theme, which in 2005 was "Communication in History – The Key to Understanding." Students can participate by doing a research paper, exhibit, performance, or documentary, and the competition exists at the local, state, and national levels. |
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If a student chooses to do a documentary, his or her work will be evaluated by judges in three major areas. The evaluation consists of: a) historical research (sixty percent), b) relation of the topic to the theme (twenty percent), and c) clarity of the documentary produced by the students (twenty percent).6 The historical research category assesses the student's documentary in the following areas: 1) historical accuracy, 2) analysis and interpretation, 3) placing topic in historical context, 4) showing wide research, 5) using available primary sources, and 6) balanced research. The relation to theme category assesses the student's documentary in the following areas: 1) the ability to relate clearly the theme to the topic and 2) demonstrating the significance of the topic in history and drawing conclusions. Finally, the clarity of the presentation category assesses students in the following areas: 1) whether the presentation and written material is original, clear, appropriate, organized, and articulate and 2) whether the entry is organized and has a visual impact. The successful students produced documentaries which showcased their ability as student historians and their expertise on a particular topic. |
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The Case Study | |
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In June 2005, I had the opportunity to attend the National History Day event at the University of Maryland where I conducted a qualitative case study of the documentary competition. I wanted to examine this program because it offered an opportunity for participants to use a unique approach with technology in the documentary category. In particular, I sought to examine whether in doing so the students had developed skills as historians and increased their historical understanding. The case study method was chosen because it is believed to be particularly effective at examining a particular situation, event, program, or phenomenon.7 The qualitative nature of my study allowed me to capture "direct quotations from people about their experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and thoughts"8 on the documentary category of the National History Day program. The high school students that I interviewed provided many interesting insights that I would not have been able to capture in a quantitative study. |
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Each student in the study was interviewed for sixty to ninety minutes. I also viewed and took field notes on the documentaries produced by the participants that I was able to view. In addition, I had permission from the student participants to see the evaluation sheets filled out by the judges. The judges' comments provided many important insights. Finally, I reviewed the process paper that each student submitted to the judges. These papers provided important details on why the student had chosen their topics and included a bibliography page listing their sources. |
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I was looking to see the extent to which teachers and students had taken advantage of access to primary sources from all over the world on the internet.9 In doing so, had the students became real historians by using primary and secondary sources, considering multiple perspectives, analyzing what happened, and developing their own interpretations?10 I expected this to be the case because the National History Day Contest Rulebook states, "through NHD you will learn the skills and techniques of the historian and discover new insights."11 It is generally recognized that new insights are achieved when students can demonstrate each of the following: 1) historical knowledge, 2) historical reasoning, and 3) the ability to communicate their historical findings.12 The knowledge dimension is absolutely necessary in order for students to demonstrate the other two dimensions.13 Historical reasoning requires that students must be able to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize evidence related to the historical topic. As for communicating their findings, historically students have presented them as research papers, exams, or speeches to their peers. However, because some historians have presented their findings in a variety of ways and even been featured in video documentaries seen on television, it makes sense that today's students be given the opportunity to present their findings in a video documentary. |
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While looking for all this I was particularly interested in the variety of video editing software programs to produce a ten-minute documentary used by the students I interviewed—Adobe Premiere, Windows Movie Maker, Apple iMovie, Pinnacle Studio, and Final Cut Pro. The software allowed the students to combine video, photographs, a narration, and music to present their historical findings. The students seemed to have enjoyed their work. This is not surprising because evidence suggests that students enjoy using technology to learn. Today's high school students have grown up using computers, video games, and the internet. Studies even indicate that thirteen to seventeen year-old students spend on average slightly more than three hours a day watching television and three and one-half hours a day with digital media.14 Prensky distinguishes today's students from their teachers, calling them "digital natives" because they have grown up with so much technology in comparison to their teachers whom he calls the "digital immigrants."15 As digital natives, students may prefer to conduct research using the internet first whereas digital immigrants will usually begin a search using other sources such as books. Digital natives are also much more likely to do multi-tasking in comparison to digital immigrants who like to do things step-by-step.16 Oblinger and Oblinger concur stating, "it is the norm for children and teenagers to be online while simultaneously watching TV, talking on the phone, or listening to the radio."17 The documentary category of National History Day gives students the opportunity to use their interest in technology to produce their findings in a professional looking video format. |
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The Student Digital Historians | |
To give readers some idea of what students can do, I will describe the work of the ten students that I interviewed who were chosen by a random sampling method. It is obvious, however, that because they had reached the national level of the History Day competition, they were the cream of the crop. Names of the participants have been changed to protect their confidentiality. The students chosen gave the study gender and geographical balance. They came from urban, suburban, and rural areas. In addition, they represented the East, Midwest, West, and southern parts of the United States. The students also came from public, private, and home school environments. Therefore, the study provides insights from diverse backgrounds. Background information on the students who participated in the case study is given to provide the reader a more complete picture of the qualitative study:
Tom is a tenth grade Caucasian student who attends a public high school in the state of Washington. The school has an enrollment between 1,500 and 2,000 students and he lives in a community with a population between 5,000 and 10,000. Tom used Apple iMovie to produce a documentary on Edward R. Murrow. He used Canadian brass music, film of Murrow's television broadcasts, photographs of Murrow, and added his narration to produce the documentary. He interviewed thirteen individuals who personally knew Murrow and also examined primary documents at the Edward R. Murrow School of Communication at Washington State University. The major focus of Tom's documentary was the impact that Murrow had on journalism. His documentary pointed out that Murrow believed it was necessary for a journalist to bring the events of the world to the common citizens like those he grew up with in a logging community in Washington.
Leslie is a ninth grade Caucasian student from a public school in the District of Columbia. She attends a high school with an enrollment between 500 and 1000 students and lives in a community with a population greater than 100,000. She used Adobe Premier to produce her documentary on New York Times v. Sullivan. Her documentary gave a historical overview on the First Amendment which included a brief review of the Sedition Act and Espionage Act. In addition, her documentary pointed out the issues at stake in the Supreme Court case and how the actual malice standard was established as a result. She demonstrated an ability to develop a thesis when she explained how the court's decision had an impact on what journalists can do today. Her documentary included images of newspaper headlines, interviews with legal experts, and she used her narration to tell the audience about this topic.
Paul is a ninth grade Caucasian student who lives in a community with a population less than 10,000 and attends a public high school in New Jersey. The high school has an enrollment between 500 and 1,000 students. He produced a documentary on the Armenian genocide in which he explained why the world did little to intervene to prevent the genocide from occurring. In particular, he emphasized that the United States government was too distracted with the events of World War I to intervene. The event also was scarcely noticed by the public. "It was usually masked by the huge headlines in the New York Times," he told me, continuing that "invasions and stuff like that and main battle then in a couple of pages after the main headline you'll see a little blurb that says 800,000 Armenians being killed, you know, stuff like that." His documentary included many disturbing images of the genocide, violin music that set the mood for the documentary, and, of course, his narration.
Nancy is a tenth grade Caucasian student who attends a public high school with an enrollment of over 2,000 students in Nevada. She lives in a community with a population greater than 100,000. She used Windows Movie Maker to produce a documentary on Leni Riefenstahl, who was a German film producer best known for her documentary of the 1936 Olympic Games and the propaganda film, Triumph of the Will, featuring Adolf Hitler. She tried to show the viewer that Leni Riefenstahl produced many other movies not easily classified as propaganda during her career. Nancy spent a great deal of time featuring Riefenstahl's films on Africa and the ocean. However, Nancy pointed out in her documentary that it was the film on Hitler that always overshadowed the other films that she directed. Nancy's documentary included images from Riefenstahl's films, music carefully chosen to set a mood for the viewer, and photographs of Riefenstahl. She discussed with me why she felt the need to look at contrasting opinions.
Jason is a tenth grade Caucasian student from a private high school in Minnesota that has an enrollment of less than 500 students. He lives in a community with a population over 100,000. He used Final Cut Pro Express and Photoshop video editing software to produce his documentary on Ernie Pyle, who was a journalist during World War II. Jason's documentary focused on how Pyle changed the role of a reporter during combat. Pyle was actually embedded with the soldiers in combat instead of reporting behind the scenes with the generals. Jason said of Pyle, "He'd tell the personalized story like his parents at home [who] were baker and homemaker. [His parents] wrote him every day and so it gave you an insight into a man's life." Jason had accessed many primary sources at the Indiana Historical Society, found there because Pyle was a native of Indiana. The documentary included many photographs of Pyle, Jason's narration, and carefully selected music to tell the story.
Amy is an eleventh grade Caucasian student from a public high school in Illinois. She attends a high school that has an enrollment of over 2,000 students and she lives in a community with a population between 5,000 and 10,000. She used Final Cut Pro video editing software to produce a documentary on Adlai Stevenson's role during the Cuban missile crisis. She used film of the crisis, photographs of Stevenson, her narration, and music from Stevenson's Presidential campaign to produce her documentary. Amy said that she had "tried to study the crisis and the way Stevenson was perceived from all three perspectives, from the American view, from the Soviet Union's view, and from the Cuban view." In fact, she even interviewed a Cuban government official. By taking this approach she discovered that all three counties viewed Stevenson's handling of the crisis favorably and that he had played a valuable role as ambassador to the United Nations.
Elizabeth is a tenth grade Caucasian student from a public high school in Wisconsin. She attends a school with an enrollment between 1,000 and 1,500 students. Her community has a population less than 5,000. She used Apple iMovie to produce a documentary on the impact that punk musicians had on social movements in London and the United States during the 1970s. Elizabeth used film of punk musicians, reproduced lyrics used by the musicians, played music by punk musicians, and included a narration to explain her historical findings.
Darrell is a ninth grade Caucasian student from a public high school in Minnesota. He attends a high school with an enrollment between 1,500 and 2,000 students and lives in a community with a population greater than 100,000. He used Pinnacle Studio to produce his video on Jack the Ripper. Darrell's documentary focused on the impact that Jack the Ripper had on England's politics during the late 1880s. He described to me how the Democratic Socialists sought votes not only by pointing to social conditions in places like White Chapel, but also used the case to show that the police could not do their job. "There was a huge rift there, a lot of West Enders, middle and upper class did not know what was going on in the East End," Darrel said, but Jack the Ripper showed them that "they could not ignore conditions on the other side of town." Darrell used images of historical documents, newspaper headlines, a narration, and he even appeared in his documentary dressed up in clothes from the era.
Diane is a twelfth grade Caucasian student who has been home schooled in Virginia. She lives in a community with a population between 15,000 and 20,000 people. She used Pinnacle Studio to produce her documentary on the role of preachers in the events leading up to the American Revolution. She used the song "Faith of Our Fathers" and photographs of the ministers that she discussed in her narration. However, the majority of her documentary involved scenes that she and her brothers had acted out which added much to her film. She proved to me that she had developed a good understanding of the era, describing to me how Patrick Henry had written that when a young man he had been taken by his mother "to listen to the Reverend Samuel Davis preach" and that "just learning the Reverend Davis' speaking style ... really helped him with all his speeches—but then too about liberty, freedom of speech, freedom of religion." The main focus of her film was the influence that the preachers had on moving people toward war with England.
Finally, Roxanne produced a documentary on the Makah Native American Culture Center. She is an eleventh grade Caucasian student from the state of Washington. She attends a public high school with an enrollment between 1,000 and 1,500 students and lives in a community with a population less than 5,000. She used Adobe Premier video editing software. Her documentary included Native American music, film of the culture center, photographs of the Native Americans, and her own narration. The documentary focused on how the culture center has helped to revive the tribe's emphasis on its heritage.
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Findings | |
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The documentaries the students had produced, their insights revealed in the interviews, and the evaluations written by the judges, taken together, proved to me that the students were becoming student historians and student experts. They had used the many different primary sources as defined in the National History Day instructions18 and understood the instructions concerning the difference between primary ad secondary sources.19 A careful review of their bibliographies revealed that the ten participants had reviewed a combined 358 primary sources and 283 secondary sources. They had demonstrated that they recognized the need to consider the credentials of sources, such as whether or not a source had actually participated the event,20 and that it was important to note when sources concurred or disagreed. As National History Day students, they had clearly exhibited their ability to consider multiple perspectives, something most visibly demonstrated by Amy, who produced a documentary on Adlai Stevenson's role during the Cuban missile crisis. Elizabeth's study of the effect of punk music on social movements in England and the United States showed historians' skill. During her interview, she noted: "Everything in history has two sides to the story and when you have a strong opinion on one side it's really hard to see the other side, but that's always something we have to include." Nancy demonstrated the same understanding in her documentary on Leni Riefenstahl. |
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As stated previously, historical knowledge occurs when students can identify, describe, and define their historical topic. The participants of my study demonstrated consistently that they were able to identify, describe, and define the historical topic that they had researched for their documentary. In fact, the students had become student experts on their topics. They were able to formulate a thesis and support it with evidence, the skill required of all historians.21 A good example of this is the documentary of Leslie, whose thesis was that the Supreme Court case New York Times v. Sullivan had had a tremendous impact on the press and was absolutely critical to each citizen in our democracy. By citing other cases, she showed that today the actual malice standard developed in this case still gives journalists more freedom to report accusations against public officials. |
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Recommended Four Steps to Develop Digital Native Historians | |
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There appear to be four key steps to developing digital native historians. First, give history students the opportunity to use technology. As mentioned earlier, most students are using technology frequently and enjoy using it. Give them the opportunity to use the internet to search for sources and produce their findings using video editing software. Second, encourage students to develop the skills that historians use. Give them the chance to examine sources, consider multiple perspectives, conduct analysis, and develop a historical interpretation. History comes alive when students use the craft that historians use instead of the traditional lecture approach. Third, give students the opportunity to increase their historical understanding by demonstrating their historical knowledge and reasoning by producing a documentary. Again, students no longer need to present their historical understanding solely with a traditional test, paper, or speech. Finally, students will learn when they are given the opportunity to present their historical findings to an audience with video editing software. As stated earlier, students will best comprehend the topic they have studied when they are forced to communicate their understanding through a medium such as a documentary. |
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Notes
1 National Assessment of Educational Progress, "The Nation's Report Card," (National Center for Education Statistics), <http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/> (accessed 9 May 2005).
2 James Leming, Lucien Ellington, and Kathleen Porter, eds., iWhere Did Social Studies Go Wrong?i (ERIC Document Reproduction Services, 2003) No. 481631.
3 Randy Bass and Roy Rosenzweig, Rewriting the History and Social Studies Classroom: Needs, Frameworks, Dangers, and Proposals (ERIC Document Reproduction Service, 1999) No. ED452845.
4 NHD, "National History Day," (National History Day, 2005), <http://www.nationalhistoryday.org> (accessed 26 March 2005).
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Sharan B. Merriam, Case Study Research in Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1988).
8 Michael Quinn Patton, Qualitative Evaluation Methods. (Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1980).
9 John K. Lee and David Hicks, "Use of Digital Historical Resources in a Large Urban System," paper presented at the 2003 annual meeting of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education, <http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/shared/shared_main.jhtml> (accessed 25 March 2005).
10 Bass and Rosenzweig.
11 NHD, Contest Rule Book (College Park, MD: National History Day, 2002), 4.
12 Frederick D. Drake and Lynn R. Nelson, Engagement in Teaching History: Theory and Practices For Middle and Secondary Students (Columbus, OH: Pearson, 2005).
13 Ibid.
14 Diana G. Oblinger and James L. Oblinger, Educating the Net Generation (EDUCAUSE, 2005), <http://www.educause.edu/educatingthenetgen/> (accessed 9 May 2005,).
15 Marc Prensky, "Digital Natives, Digital Immigrant," On the Horizon 9, no. 5, 1–6.
16 Ibid.
17 Oblinger and Oblinger, 2.
18 NHD, Contest Rule Book, 4.
19 Ibid., 4.
20 Drake and Nelson.
21 Ibid.
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