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Interviews with Exemplary Teachers: Bill Bigelow and Michele Forman
Introduction
Roy Rosenzweig
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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THIS CONTINUES A SERIES of interviews in which distinguished teachers share their strategies and techniques. Good teaching is more often honored in rhetoric than reality. And great teachers are generally known locally within their own schools, but less often to a larger group of national colleagues. The goal in these interview, is, in part, to identify and honor those people who have taught with excellence, dedication, and distinction. But more than that, we believe that these teachers have lessons to offer the rest of us and that there are remarkably few forums for hearing their wisdom. |
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These two interviews have been conducted by Katharina Hering, a history doctoral student at George Mason University (GMU), who works at the Center for History and New Media (CHNM). They originated as part of the website that CHNM and the American Social History Project have organized for history teachers and students: "History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web." Designed for high school and college teachers of U.S. History survey courses (and supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities), this site serves as a gateway to Web resources and offers unique teaching materials, first-person primary documents and threaded discussions on teaching U.S. history. You are invited to visit it at http://historymatters.gmu.edu. |
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If you would like to propose a teacher for inclusion in this series, please write Roy Rosenzweig at Roy@gmu.edu. |
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Interview with Bill Bigelow*
Katharina Hering**
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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BILL BIGELOW has taught high school in Portland, Oregon since 1978. Between 1991 and 1993, he led workshops with teachers throughout the country using the Columbus myth to draw attention to racial biases in the school curriculum. He is an editor of the education reform journal, Rethinking Schools, and is the author of Strangers in Their Own Country: A Curriculum Guide on South Africa (Africa World Press, 1985), and The Power in Our Hands: A Curriculum on the History of Work and Workers in the United States (with Norm Diamond, Monthly Review Press, 1988). He has co-edited four books with Rethinking Schools: Rethinking Our Classrooms: Teaching for Equity and Justice (1994), Rethinking Columbus: The Next 500 Years (1998), Rethinking Our Classrooms: Teaching for Equity and Justice, Volume 2 (2001), and, with Bob Peterson, Rethinking Globalization: Teaching for Justice in an Unjust World (2002). Bigelow has also authored several teaching guides for films and videos, including most recently for the Academy Award-nominated film, Regret to Inform. |
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When did you start teaching and where have you taught?
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My first "regular" teaching job began in the fall of 1978 at Grant High School in Portland, Oregon. But before that, in the 1973–74 school year, I taught for six months in an alternative high school in Cincinnati, Ohio, with seven other Antioch College students, and later I substitute taught in Dayton, Ohio. I consider the work in Cincinnati my first "real" teaching. |
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Which courses have you taught?
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I've taught U.S. history, global studies, literature and U.S. history, literature and social change, and a catch-all freshman social studies course. I've also coached baseball and football—which is a different kind of teaching—and have advised the Model United Nations club. |
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Which are your favorite courses to teach? Why?
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Global studies is my favorite course to teach because it focuses on the burning global issues of the day. I don't have to convince students it's important, which sometimes happens with U.S. History. I've was on leave for two years, but the last time I taught global studies was the year of the Seattle WTO protests. Being so close, in Portland, exposed students to the teach-ins and publicity prior to the meetings and demonstrations. It lent a sense of urgency to what we were doing in the classroom—dealing with issues of global sweatshops, the effect of "free trade" on poor countries, global warming, the conflict between "development" and indigenous cultures, and the like. There were so many connections that students were making, and the enormous amount of attention being paid to these issues by activists and media said to students: This is really important stuff. |
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The other course that I taught for five years and enjoyed tremendously was Literature and U.S. History. It was a two-period-a-day class that I co-taught with Linda Christensen. We could blend more seamlessly literature with history, writing with role-plays. It taught me how silly it is to have the curriculum chopped up into these meaningless categories of "English" and "history"—as if you can think clearly about history, or anything else, without writing and reading—or as if you can have an "English" class that simply lurches from novel to novel or from writing exercise to writing exercise. |
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What are the biggest themes that you try to convey?
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The first thing I keep in mind is the Hippocratic oath: Do no harm. It works for teachers too. Most of the history classes I had in school were awful. They were filled with lectures and textbooks and little else. I don't want to be that kind of teacher. So I begin from the standpoint that I want my students to come away from the class believing that studying history can be enjoyable and meaningful. In terms of broad themes what do I want them to learn? That history is not a series of dead facts. It's made up of choices made by real people in real circumstances. I want them to think about the importance of race and racism. That from the moment Columbus arrived in the Americas and claimed a land he knew was occupied by other people, and announced that these people were intelligent, and hence would make good slaves, that racism would be an enormous factor in determining what went on here. |
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Similarly, I want them to think about the impact of social class and gender in explaining how America developed as it did. More recently, I've been "greening" my U.S. history curriculum, and looking at how the roots to today's ecological crises can be found in cultural patterns that we can recognize from the very beginning of Europeans' presence here. I suppose that this is another overarching theme: History is not simply stories of the past, or a collection of facts—it's about making explanations for the way things are today. It's also about drawing inspiration from the past, recognizing that anything we appreciate today, anything about this country that is decent, got that way because people worked together to create it. I just finished listening to a radio series on the history of the Civil Rights Movement in five cities. And what comes across is how this was not just a movement of "great men" plus Rosa Parks. It was courage and sacrifice and ingenuity and determination, played out again and again all over the country, but especially in the South. U.S. society changed because in millions of big and small ways, people made it change. |
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How do you organize your U.S. history survey course?
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I suppose you could say that I use a "modified chronological" approach. Although there is something appealing about organizing a course around large themes, it's always seemed to make more sense to move through the decades in the order that things happened, looking for patterns as we go. That said, I also move back and forth from past to present. For example, if we look at Native American issues, I'll pull that forward to look at the birth of the American Indian Movement, and aspects of what's going on today. The other piece of this is that I play back and forth between history and students' lives. If we read excerpts from Frederick Douglass's autobiography, where he describes his fight with Mr. Covey, the "slave breaker" who Douglass's master rented him to, I may have students write about a time when they somehow defied injustice, however small. I don't want to equate students' actions with the huge risks that Douglass confronted, but I do want students to touch that place in themselves that may help them to empathize with what Douglass encountered. More than that, I want our classroom to honor struggles for justice of all kinds, big and small. |
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One of the things I need to say here is that I don't try to "cover" all of U.S. History. I've always wished that they'd call this class something else besides "U.S. History," because the title is a lie—it always has been. How can we teach all of U.S. history in one year? It promises something that no teacher can deliver. To attempt it is to guarantee that the curriculum will be a mile wide and an inch deep. In my classes we use lots of role-plays and activities that take time. A teacher has to choose: either I'm going to explore some aspects of history, explore some time periods, in real depth, and in a way that can excite students—or I'm going to make sure that my students get through that entire 1,000 page textbook. I'm going to teach a fact-rich, idea-poor curriculum, but, by golly, students will get it all. It's no secret which side I'm on. However, I should add that the fact-rich, idea-poor curriculum is the one that is rewarded by today's high stakes testing movement. Standardized social studies tests pressure teachers to pack in as many conventional facts as possible. In my opinion, this kind of testing promotes shallow, as well as conservative, teaching. |
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What are your most important goals in teaching this survey course?
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Once again, and I know this sounds very basic, but I want my students to leave the class believing that history can be interesting, that it can be meaningful—that it can help them make sense of what's going on in the world these days. James Loewen writes in his book Lies My Teacher Told Me (New York: 1995), that five out of six of all high school students will never take another U.S. history course after they leave high school. So at the least, it's my responsibility to leave students with the sense that, "Maybe there are some things here that I should learn more about." |
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Another important aim of my history teaching is to puncture the myth that a country is like a family. Too often, when textbooks talk about the United States they are filled with "we" did this, and "we" did that. But who really is the "we" that is being talked about? There is a coercive element to the language that is used in a history class—and in the media more generally, for that matter—that demands that students identify with the policies of the U.S. government and of U.S. elites: "We" went to war in Vietnam. "We" traveled west on the Oregon Trail. "We" need more oil. However, U.S. society has always been stratified based on race, class, nationality, language, gender—and it's bad history, bad sociology to assume a common past. Some of "us" opposed the war in Vietnam. Some of "us"—Native Americans—were victimized by the Oregon Trail, and others of "us"—African Americans—were excluded from many Oregon Trail wagon trains. Many textbooks talk about slavery as being a "shameful period" in U.S. history. But did African Americans ever have any reason to be "ashamed" of slavery? Shame is something the perpetrators of crimes against humanity should experience, not those they victimized. So a term like "shameful period" takes sides, even as it masks its side-taking. I want students to understand that U.S. society has always been experienced very differently depending on a variety of factors—and it still is. And connected to this is that how history is taught is also not neutral. |
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What are the most effective assignments that you use in the U.S. survey course? What is good about them?
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The best assignments are those that actually show social dynamics to students and don't just talk about them. Role-plays and simulations do this well. One of my role-plays about U.S. labor history puts the class in the position of being Industrial Workers of the World organizers during the 1912 Lawrence, Massachusetts, textile strike and students need to work together to plan strike strategy. Another role-play uses a competition to make paper airplanes to demonstrate to students the principles of "scientific management" and how new work processes affected skilled workers and their families. A third looks at the origins of testing and tracking in the early years of the modern U.S. high school. I think this one is especially important because most U.S. history curricula don't ask students to think critically about the origins of schools themselves. In this role-play, I portray a gung-ho new superintendent who wants to reform Central City high schools by introducing intelligence testing, and so-called ability grouping, and a more patriotic curriculum. Students portray Hungarian immigrants, members of the middle class, wealthy executives, Black activists, and union members, and debate the superintendent's proposals. |
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I don't want to leave the impression that I think history classes should be exclusively role-play and simulation. I think the best classes are ones with lots of pedagogical diversity. But when teachers sit down to plan their classes, they ought to be asking themselves how they can bring social forces to life in the classroom—how they can give students classroom doses of real-world events. By all means, assign lots of reading—meaningful reading—and go ahead and lecture. But make sure that these are grounded in classroom experiences. |
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How has teaching changed over your career?
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Teaching requires more than good intentions. It's taken a lot of years to try to match my pedagogy to my values, to my vision of what schooling ought to be about. And I've still got an awfully long way to go. |
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The biggest revolution in my pedagogy happened during the five years that Linda Christensen and I taught together. Linda showed me the power of linking students' lives to the curriculum, largely through personal narrative and poetry. Also, it isn't enough to *assign* writing, one has to *teach* it. I think I was like a lot of social studies teachers who expect English teachers to teach writing, and we'll teach about history and the world. But what I've discovered is that the more rigorous I am in teaching writing, the more clarity and depth students will gain in whatever the content is that I'm trying to teach. |
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What is your most memorable teaching experience?
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The most memorable teaching moment occurred at Jefferson High School during the 1988–89 school year, in Linda Christensen's and my "Literature and U.S. History" course. We had just finished a role-play on the 1912 Lawrence, Massachusetts, textile strike that I mentioned earlier. The students had done a wonderful job with it—talking deeply about how they might organize the strike, tactics that they would use, and how those tactics relate to a larger social vision. |
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Before the activity began, I had brought in a Joe Glazer record with old Wobbly—Industrial Workers of the World—songs, and told them that this was called the Singing Strike, and workers used song as a way of maintaining unity. This in a strike of largely immigrant workers speaking maybe a dozen languages. So unity was especially difficult to maintain. |
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Just after we'd finished the role-play, we were sitting around discussing how they'd done and what had happened in real life when another teacher burst into the classroom to show us the lead article in Portland's main weekly paper. It was titled "Are We Losing Jefferson?" It was a terrible article that made it seem like the halls of our school were filled with gang members and that teachers and students walked in fear everyday. It was racist, irresponsible, and wrong. |
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Immediately, students decided that they needed to organize a school-wide response, and that it had to be 100% student-led. It was as if they were still "in character"—still exhilarated by having portrayed IWW organizers, and running the class on their own, making decisions from the standpoint of people in history who genuinely believed that they could change the world. Linda and I likely could have intervened, could have calmed them down, but we decided to step aside and allow students to use our two-period blocks as an organizing center for the next several days. Despite a fearful administration, our class organized several hundred Jefferson students, parents and community people to march on the newspaper's offices and then to stage a rally at Waterfront Park. They made leaflets, gave speeches at the school and at the rally, talked to the media, organized a complicated system for transporting students downtown, served as march marshals—they did it all in cooperation with students from other classes. It was an explosion of creativity and activism. And it lingers as an extraordinary moment in my career. |
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Notes
* Bill Bigelow teaches at Franklin High School in Portland, Oregon. He can be reached at bbpdx@aol.com. Rethinking Schools is on the web at www.rethinkingschools.org. All of Bigelow's books can be obtained from www.teachingforchange.org.
** Special thanks to the George Mason University College of Arts and Sciences for Graduate Research Assistantship funding.
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Interview with Michele Forman
By Katharina Hering
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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MICHELE FORMAN was the 2001 National Teacher of the Year. She is teaching history and social studies at Middlebury Union High School in Middlebury, Vermont. She began her teaching career in the Peace Corps in Nepal from 1967–1969. |
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When did you start teaching?
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I began teaching as soon as I received my B.A. degree in history. I graduated, and in less than two weeks I was in Peace Corps training to teach high school health in Nepal. I taught a variety of health courses, but most of my career I have taught a range of world and U.S. history offerings and some social studies classes. I especially enjoy teaching history because I find it fascinating and essential to all of us in understanding who we are. |
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But above all, I love teaching high school students. I feel a special affinity for this age group and am fascinated by their intellectual development and creativity, among other things. |
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What are the biggest themes that you try to convey? How do you organize your survey course?
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I choose different themes, but I always make sure to include themes that organize history differently. For example, one unit might emphasize political history, another economic, still another social, and another intellectual. Of course these overlap, but I want my students to understand that historians use many lenses to construct interpretations and analyses of our past. |
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I organize my world history courses chronologically because I find that this approach is helpful to students in trying to make sense of the past. We don't become slaves to chronology, however; we use it as a framework. I do not use an area studies approach but rather use one that looks at connections across political boundaries. |
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What are your most important goals in teaching the survey course?
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As with any course that I teach, I want to help my students love learning, use their curiosity to engage in historical inquiry, be open to new ways of constructing knowledge, and function as historians. |
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What are the most effective assignments that you use in the U.S. survey course?
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Each year I alter assignments I've used before, discard many others, and add new ones. I try to actively engage my students of all levels in working as historians themselves, analyzing and interpreting the past. I often have students work in small groups, and each group is typically presented with a question or problem (without one right answer) and a batch of varied and contradictory primary and secondary sources. U.S. History provides us with such a rich repository of accessible sources—local, regional, national, and global. I use a mix of sources, including written, material, visual, musical, and oral sources when possible. In solving a problem or answering a question, a student might work first individually, then as a member of a small group, and finally as part of an entire class discussion. |
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For example, my students undertake a simulation of a hearing on the New York City Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911. In teams of two to four, students take on the roles of the factory owner, floor manager, workers, fire department, et. al., and research the fire using a broad selection of primary and secondary sources, only some of which I provide. As a class we interview the teams one at a time. Each team attempts to determine blame for the deaths of the workers and defend its own role in the tragedy. Each team is evaluated on its defense, both through its research materials and notes, and on the team's use of evidence and reasoning during the hearing. In addition each individual student is evaluated on an analytical essay that addresses the same question: Who was to blame? Each essay also recommends changes that could have prevented the fire or lessened the loss of life it caused. |
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Finally I present information on more recent and strikingly similar tragedies. We talk about groups of workers who are marginalized in our society today and compare them to those who were placed at high risk for little compensation in 1911. |
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What is your most memorable teaching experience?
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My earliest experiences as a teacher—teaching high school students in Nepal in the 1960s—stand out most vividly. Everything was new—the country, culture, language, subject (health), and school system—not to mention teaching itself. I learned so much and found enormous rewards in teaching; it was this experience that made me a teacher. |
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How has teaching changed over your career?
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Today we know a great deal more about how children and young people develop and learn than we did even ten or fifteen years ago, and this informs our teaching. I believe we have more respect for the potential of our students; we understand that each student is a potentially powerful learner. Further, we know that each learner is unique, and learning is, therefore, idiosyncratic. We are better able to individualize learning. |
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Our knowledge of good assessment lags behind our understanding of learning, but we are beginning to construct multiple means of assessment that better allow students to demonstrate what they know and have learned. Finally, our teaching and learning are richer because of the cultural and linguistic diversity of our schools. |
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