| Biblioscope: An Archival Guide & Bibliography | Environmental History, 9.1

Biblioscope

An Archival Guide & Bibliography

Articles

Allen, John L. "Landscape Change at the Confluence: From Lewis and Clark to the Present." North Dakota History 69 (Nos. 2, 3, & 4, 2003): 2–23. Examines human impact on vegetation, wildlife, water supply, soils, and climate in North Dakota from the time of the 1804–1806 exploratory expedition of the western United States led by Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) and William Clark (1770–1838) to the present. Focuses on the region where the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers converge, and argues that the area has essentially been a managed ecosystem throughout this historic period.

Andreen, William L. "The Evolution of Water Pollution Control in the United States—State, Local, and Federal Efforts, 1789–1972: Part I." Stanford Environmental Law Journal 22 (January 2003): 145–200. Describes the growth of water pollution as a serious environmental problem and describes efforts at the state and local level to regulate water quality and control water pollution. Part II, which focuses on the evolution of federal regulatory control of water quality, was published in the June 2003 issue of the same journal.

Andreen, William L. "The Evolution of Water Pollution Control in the United States—State, Local, and Federal Efforts, 1789–1972: Part II." Stanford Environmental Law Journal 22 (June 2003): 215–294. Focuses on the evolution of federal regulatory control of water quality with an emphasis on the legislative history of the 1972 Clean Water Act. Part I, which focuses on state and local efforts to control water pollution, was published in the January 2003 issue of the same journal.

Brown, Jessica, Nora Mitchell, and Jacquelyn Tuxill. "Partnerships and Lived-in Landscapes: An Evolving US System of Parks and Protected Areas." Parks 13 (No. 2, Category V, 2003): 31–41. On the growing role of partnerships between the United States National Park Service and local communities or nongovernmental organizations to create and manage protected areas of historical importance since the late 1970s. Discusses specifically: (1) Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, established in 1978 in Washington State; (2) John M. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor, designated in 1986 in Massachusetts and Rhode Island; (3) the proposed Champlain-Richelieu Valley International Heritage Corridor in New York, Vermont, and Quebec, Canada; and (4) Cuyahoga Valley National Park, established in 1974 in Ohio.

Chang, Sun Joseph. "Quarterly Southern Pine Sawtimber Stumpage Prices in Louisiana Over the Last 45 Years: Bugs, Owls, and Water." Forest Landowner 62 (March/April 2003): 33–37. Studies issues that have impacted changes in southern pine sawtimber stumpage prices in Louisiana from 1955 to 2000, including: (1) southern pine beetle outbreaks in the mid-1980s, (2) the listing of the northern spotted owl as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act in the late 1980s, and (3) high rainfall amounts in the late 1990s.

Coleman, Frank M. "The Encoded Frontier: From Open Space to Ad Space." Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 14 (June 2003): 135–162. On the significant influence of American historian Frederick Jackson Turner's (1861–1932) "Frontier Hypothesis" of 1893 on representations and perceptions of nature in American advertising campaigns, photography, and environmental history.

Colten, Craig E. "Cypress in New Orleans: Revisiting the Observations of Le Page du Pratz." Louisiana History 64 (Fall 2003): 463–477. Analyzes the validity of historian Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz's (d. 1775) claims that formerly abundant cypress forests had been mostly cleared by the mid-eighteenth century.

Cosens, Barbara A. "A New Approach in Water Management or Business as Usual? The Milk River, Montana." Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 18 (Spring 2003): 1–50. Reviews the twentieth-century history of water policy and water rights disputes pertaining to use of water resources from the Milk River in Montana, and discusses a 2001 water rights settlement between the U.S. federal government, the state government of Montana, and the Gros Ventre and Assiniboine Tribes of the Fort Belknap Reservation.

Crouse, Mike. "Changing with the Seasons: Doug Schlatter Contracting, Inc., Roseburg, Oregon." Loggers World 39 (September 2003): 7, 9, 13, 16, 19, 24. On the career of Oregon logging contractor Doug Schlatter. Discusses the logging and sawmill business of Doug's father and uncle which operated from the 1950s until the late 1960s when they went into the Christmas tree farming business; Doug's work with Weyerhaeuser Company after graduating from community college in the 1970s; and the development of his own logging contracting business with his father and brother beginning in 1979.

DeJong, David H. "A Scheme to Rob Them of Their Land: Water, Allotment, and the Economic Integration of the Pima Reservation, 1902–1921." Journal of Arizona History 44 (Summer 2003): 99–132. On the transformation of the social structure and economic livelihood of Pima and Maricopa Indians on reservations in Arizona when the U.S. Indian Service, U.S. Reclamation Service, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers converted common property resources into allotments and pursued widespread water resources development projects on the reservations.

Disco, Cornelis, and Jan van den Ende. "'Strong, Invincible Arguments'? Tidal Models as Management Instruments in Twentieth-Century Dutch Coastal Engineering." Technology and Culture 44 (July 2003): 502–535. On the use of mathematical modeling by hydraulic engineers, public works officials, and politicians in the Netherlands (1) to estimate the degree to which water level in estuaries, bays, and rivers would be affected by coastal tide levels and (2) to determine appropriate flood control measures.

Eaddy, Justin C. "Mississippi's State Parks: The New Deal's Mixed Legacy." Journal of Mississippi History 65 (Summer 2003): 147–168. Argues that although the U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps built and developed Mississippi's state park system during the New Deal era of the 1930s and early 1940s, parks during and since that time have been insufficiently funded, have been characterized by racial discrimination, and have tended to promote human outdoor recreation over the conservation of nature and natural resources, thus providing a mixed environmental and cultural legacy.

Eugster, J. Glenn. "Evolution of the Heritage Areas Movement." George Wright Forum 20 (August 2003): 50–59. On the development of cultural resources management, heritage tourism, and historic site designation in the United States since the mid-twentieth century.

Fitts, Frederic P. "Water Rights in Rhode Island, 1790–1840: The Commodification of the Landscape." Rhode Island History 61 (Summer 2003): 27–35. On the growth of government regulation of water utilization and water resources development in response to increases in the number of conflicts between agrarian users of water and industrial mill owners in need of water power.

Freeman, Allen. "From the Terrace." Landscape Architecture 93 (September 2003): 90–96, 109–112. Describes the landscape restoration of novelist and nonfiction writer Edith Wharton's (1862–1937) estate known as "The Mount" in the Berkshire Hills of western Massachusetts. Archaeological site research and archival records guided the efforts begun in 1999 to restore overgrown gardens to the condition they were in during the 1900s when Wharton, who was a landscape gardening enthusiast, owned the estate.

Freeman, Michael H., et al. "Past, Present, and Future of the Wood Preservation Industry." Forest Products Journal 53 (October 2003). On the history of the use of wood preservation and of the engineered wood industry in the United States from the early eighteenth century to the present.

Friedman, Sharon. "Despite Challenges, Study Finds the E-beat has Matured." SEJournal 13 (Fall 2003): 13–14. Surveys the range, scope, and topics of environmental journalism primarily reported in United States publications from 1990 to 2002.

Gantenbein, Douglas. "We're Toast." Outside Magazine 28 (June 2003): 75–81, 124–125, 135. Critical discussion of forest fire management policies, such as the Healthy Forest Initiative, supported by the presidential administration of George W. Bush (1946- ) in the early 2000s. Includes a brief overview of the impacts of U.S. Forest Service fire policies on national forests since the early twentieth century.

Gluck, Emery. "Clues to the Industrial Past: Connecticut Forests During the Industrial Age." Connecticut Woodlands 68 (Summer 2003): 10–12, 18. Brief discussion of the deforestation caused by the need to use charcoal and wood as energy and fuel sources in Connecticut during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and of early-twentieth century forest regeneration resulting from the use of coal and oil instead of wood for fuel.

Gowland, Bryan M. "The Delacroix Isleños and the Trappers' War in St. Bernard Parish." Louisiana History 64 (Fall 2003): 411–441. Discusses events surrounding the 1926 conflict between outside land speculators, local corrupt political bosses, and residents (Isleños) of Delacroix Island in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, over attempts to deny Isleños their traditional rights to hunt, fish, and trap on the island's marshlands. The conflict emerged as demand for muskrat skins rose significantly in the 1920s, thereby increasing the value of the marshlands and encouraging land speculation and land ownership disputes.

Harrison, Blake. "The Technological Turn: Skiing and Landscape Change in Vermont, 1930–1970." Vermont History 71 (Summer/Fall 2003): 197–228. On the impacts of the development of snow skiing resorts and changes in ski-related technologies on the natural landscape of Vermont.

Hattam, Jennifer. "Dethroning King Coal." Sierra 88 (November/December 2003): 20–24. Discusses the present-day efforts of grassroots activist Julia Bonds, a coal miner's daughter, to end coal mining in West Virginia. Includes some discussion of coal mining activities and their impacts on the health of miners and local citizens and on the environment in the twentieth century.

Hibbard, Michael, and Jeremy Madsen. "Environmental Resistance to Place-Based Collaboration in the U.S. West." Society and Natural Resources 16 (September 2003): 703–718. Studies the reasons behind some grassroots environmentalists' resistance to collaborative projects, such as the Quincy Library Group in California and the Applegate Partnership and the Lake County Community Sustainability Initiative in Oregon, organized to involve local residents, industries, conservation groups, and environmental activists in decisionmaking affecting national forest management in the U.S. West and Pacific Northwest during the 1980s and 1990s.

Hughes, J. Donald. "Ripples in Clio's Pond." Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 14 (June 2003): 77–83. Discusses agricultural land use and natural resource utilization by Polynesian settlers on Easter Island since ancient times, focusing specifically on the ecological disasters of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries (deforestation, soil erosion, and water contamination) that led to the downfall of civilization on the Pacific island.

Johns, Larry H. "Eau Claire: Wisconsin's Sawdust City." Northern Logger & Timber Processor 52 (September 2003): 10–11, 32–34. On the establishment and growth of the timber industry around Eau Claire, Wisconsin, during the nineteenth century. Discusses the abundance of white pine in the region; log driving and log rafting along the Chippewa River; the many sawmills built in Eau Claire; and the lumbering and sawmilling operations of such companies as Chapman and Thorp and the Empire Lumber Company.

Kelly, Carla. "'The Buffalo Carcass on the Company Sink': Sanitation at a Frontier Army Fort." North Dakota History 69 (Nos. 2, 3, & 4, 2003): 50–60. Discusses problems with health, hygiene, and sanitation at Fort Buford in North Dakota during the 1860s and 1870s.

Knowles, John. "The Charters Towers Water Board Tramway." Light Railways No. 173 (October 2003): 3–13. History of the tramway that carried fuelwood to the steam-powered pumping station in Charters Towers, Queensland, Australia, from 1897 to 1941. The boilers at the pumping station produced steam that powered machinery used in the mining of gold in the region.

Knowles, John. "Some Manually Powered Tramways in Queensland." Light Railways No. 172 (August 2003): 4–7. On the Downs Timber Company's use of trolleys to transport logs and charcoal at its sawmill in Dalby, Queensland; the transport of cargo and luggage by trolley on the Redcliffe Peninsula; and the Laurel Bank Meatworks' transport of animal carcasses via tramways at its plant in Rockhampton (all located in Queensland, Australia). Early to mid-twentieth century.

Landres, Peter, Judy Alderson, and David J. Parsons. "The Challenge of Doing Science in Wilderness: Historical, Legal, and Policy Context." George Wright Forum 20 (September 2003): 42–49. Analyzes the legislative intent of the Wilderness Act of 1964 and discusses the constraints the act imposes on scientific research in wilderness areas in the United States. Urges government agencies that manage wilderness areas to adopt specific guidelines that would allow for scientific research while still protecting wilderness areas.

Levy, Sanford S. "The Biophilia Hypothesis and Anthropocentric Environmentalism." Environmental Ethics 25 (Fall 2003): 227–246. Examines from an environmental ethics perspective American entomologist Edward O. Wilson's (1929- ) philosophy of biophilia, the idea that human beings have an inherent affinity for nature.

Lewis, John. "Wild Turkeys and Creeks." Missouri Conservationist 64 (August 2003): 14–16. Wild turkeys in Missouri during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Loo, J., and N. Ives. "The Acadian Forest: Historical Condition and Human Impacts." Forestry Chronicle 79 (May/June 2003): 462–474. Changes in forest cover, forest composition, and wildlife living in forests in the Acadian Forest Region of Canada encompassing parts Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick since the advent of European settlement in the seventeenth century. Discusses forest clearing, forest utilization, and other human impacts.

Lozon, Mike. "Zeeland's Hatchery Heyday." Michigan History (September/October 2003): 8–16. History of the chicken hatchery industry that thrived in Zeeland, Michigan, from the 1920s through the 1950s.

Mahoney, John F. "The Landscape Architecture of Morell and Nichols, Sheridan, 1911–1914." Annals of Wyoming: The Wyoming History Journal 75 (Spring 2003): 15–24. On the landscape designs for parks in Sheridan, Wyoming, done by landscape architects Anthony Urbanski Morell (b. 1875) and Arthur R. Nichols (b. 1880) in the 1910s.

McKillop, Bob. "Mining Railways of Cobar." Light Railways No. 172 (August 2003): 8–14. Discusses the various proposals for the building of railways to transport copper, materials, and people to and from the small mining town of Nymagee, located within the extensive copper deposit around Cobar, New South Wales, in Australia; 1870s to the late 1910s. Includes discussion of the Mouramba Copper Company, Nymagee Copper Mining Company, and the Great Cobar Copper Mining Company (Limited).

Melcher, Katherine. "Field of Vision." Landscape Architecture 93 (August 2003): 68–75, 100–103. On the transformation of Crissy Field (former U.S. Army airstrip) and the nearby Presidio (former U.S. Army base) into a waterfront park on California's San Francisco Bay in the 1990s. The landscape design firm of Hargreaves Associates worked in conjunction with the U.S. National Park Service and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy in planning the landscape design.

Miller, Char. "The Machine in the Garden." Pinchot Letter 8 (Fall 2003): 9–11. Brief overview of the politics associated with environmental protection and the conservation of forests, nature, natural resources, and wildlife in the United States since the mid-nineteenth century.

Mims, Tilda. "Evan Frank Allison, Conservationist: 1865–1937." Alabama Forests 47 (Fall 2003): 24–25. Biographical sketch of lumberman Evan Frank Allison (1865–1937), who founded Allison Lumber Company in Bellamy, Alabama, in 1899. Allison practiced forest and wildlife conservation on lands he owned in Sumter County, Alabama. Reprinted from the Summer 2003 issue of Alabama's Treasured Forests.

Mims, Tilda. "Evan Frank Allison: Pioneer in Conservation, 1865–1937." Alabama's Treasured Forests 22 (Summer 2003): 28–30. Biographical sketch of lumberman Evan Frank Allison (1865–1937), who founded Allison Lumber Company in Bellamy, Alabama, in 1899. Allison practiced forest and wildlife conservation on lands he owned in Sumter County, Alabama. Reprinted in the Fall 2003 issue of Alabama Forests.

Murphy, David. "Old Cuts in New Wood: Traditional Czech Carpentry in the Central Great Plains." Nebraska History 84 (Spring 2003): 2–17. On the horizontal timber framing construction technique commonly used by Czech immigrants to the Great Plains region of the United States in the nineteenth century.

Nees, Dan, et al. "Activism, Objectivism, and Environmental Politics." Environmental Ethics 25 (Fall 2003): 295–312. Asserts there have been both positive and negative political ramifications to environmental activists' claims that their activist philosophy is based on objective principles; late twentieth century. Particularly focuses on activism associated with: recycling and trash management; reduction of atmospheric methane concentrations; wetlands protection; rainforest conservation; and environmental justice.

Nelson, Patricia L. "Reinstein Woods: Link To the Past, Eyes on the Future." Conservationist 58 (October 2003): 8–11. Briefly discussed the natural history and land use history of the area now designated as the Reinstein Woods Nature Preserve in Cheektowaga, New York. Includes discussion of the flora and fauna native to the region and the philanthropic nature of Victor Reinstein.

Olena, Ben F. "Brownstone Revisited: The Hummelstown Brownstone Industry." Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association 56 (September 2003): 89–107. On the history of the brownstone quarrying industry in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, from its origins in the 1760s through its demise in the late 1920s. Discusses quarrying techniques, processing of brownstone, transportation of stones, the quarry workforce, and uses of brownstone in the region.

O'Rourke, Michael. "Paul Bunyan Lives!" Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 14 (June 2003): 1–33. Critical analysis of Paul Bunyan tall tales in the United States from the twentieth century. Argues that Paul Bunyan literature has remained popular because late-twentieth-century authors have made the Bunyan fictional character more socially and environmentally conscious.

Paulson, George W. "Influenza: The Pandemic of 1918–19." Timeline 20 (September/October 2003): 40–52. Discusses the outbreak of Spanish influenza that plagued much of the world from 1918 to 1919. Focuses on its impact on armed forces fighting in World War I and on the efforts of public health officials in the United States and especially the state of Ohio to treat and contain the epidemic disease.

Phillips, Adrian. "Turning Ideas on Their Head: The New Paradigm For Protected Areas." George Wright Forum 20 (August 2003): 8–32. Examines changes in worldwide philosophy governing the establishment and management of protected areas, including wilderness areas, national monuments, parks, and nature reserves, since the mid-twentieth century. Argues that a new paradigm has emerged in recent years that is characterized by consideration for local peoples and communities, by more decentralized economic funding and regulation, and by broader management objectives than previously existed.

Pisani, Donald J. "Federal Reclamation and the American West in the Twentieth Century." Agricultural History 77 (Summer 2003): 391–419. Discusses changes in the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's water policy in the twentieth century. Focuses on the era of the 1930s and 1940s when the Bureau's policy promoted economic growth through construction of large dams in the western United States, often at the expense of local landowners and Native American residents, and on the era of the 1980s and 1990s when the Bureau embraced a new mission of balancing competing water uses with environmental protection.

Randall, Martin M. "Coastal Development Run Amuck: A Policy of Retreat May Be the Only Hope." Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 18 (Spring 2003): 145–185. Discusses the history of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968; analyzes the effectiveness of the Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 in deterring development in coastal areas prone to flooding; and examines current strategies for reducing the economic impacts of coastal flooding in the United States.

Reiger, John F. "Lessons from History: The Conservation Legacy of Theodore Roosevelt." Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal 25 (No. 4, 2003): 10–15. Examines the conservation philosophy of Roosevelt (1858–1919) and the measures he took while president of the United States in the 1900s to conserve wildlife, natural resources, and natural settings.

Richards, Kevin. "A License to Fish." Missouri Conservationist 64 (August 2003): 22–27. Reviews laws and regulations governing rights to hunt and fish in the state of Missouri since the late nineteenth century.

Rome, Adam. "'Give Earth a Chance': The Environmental Movement and the Sixties."Journal of American History 90 (September 2003): 525–554. Studies the cultural, political, and social forces that shaped the environmental movement in the United States during the 1960s. Focuses especially on the impact of the civil rights, feminist, and antiwar movements on environmentalism during this decade.

Samuel, Dave. "What Chronic Wasting Disease Means to You." Tree Farmer 22 (July/August 2003): 4–7. Defines this disease that attacks brain tissue in deer and provides a chronology of instances of the disease found in deer in the United States from 1967 through 2003. The author urges land owners to follow proper hunting policies to ensure healthy herds of this game animal.

Schreurs, Miranda A. "Divergent Paths: Environmental Policy in Germany, the United States, and Japan." Environment 45 (October 2003): 8–17. Critical analysis of environmental policy in these three nations since the 1970s. The author argues that as the largest economic powers among the world's nations, these countries have a special responsibility for environmental stewardship on a global basis and that they should be doing more to protect the environment and its resources.

Senter, Jim. "Live Dunes and Ghost Forests: Stability and Change in the History of North Carolina's Maritime Forests." North Carolina Historical Review 80 (July 2003): 334–371. Argues that sea level rise and increased storm frequency since the end of the Little Ice Age, rather than human activity during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, have been the primary causes of vegetation change on the barrier islands along the coast of North Carolina. Such disturbances, he asserts, have directly affected forest dynamics in the region.

Senter, Jim. "Recollections of a Forest Ranger on the Coast 65 Years Ago by the late Ross Douglas." British Columbia Forest History Newsletter No. 71 (September 2003): 4–6. Reminiscences of forest ranger work around the community of Port Neville north of Vancouver in the province of British Columbia, Canada, from 1936 to 1938.

Sesnie, Steven, and John Bailey. "Using History to Plan the Future of Old-Growth Ponderosa Pine." Journal of Forestry 101 (October/November 2003): 40–47. The authors describe their studies of timber planning documents, photographs, and forest inventory records to determine the impacts of particular silvicultural methods on the old-growth ponderosa pine structure of the Kaibab National Forest in Arizona since the early twentieth century. The authors assert that their model could be quite useful to United States Forest Service personnel responsible for developing future forest management plans.

Simon, Alexander. "A Comparative Historical Explanation of the Environmental Policies of Two Woodworkers' Unions in Canada." Organization & Environment 16 (September 2003): 289–305. Examines the contrasting histories, political structures, and relations with industry management of the Industrial Wood and Allied Workers of Canada union and the Pulp Paper and Woodworkers of Canada union in British Columbia, Canada, during the twentieth century. Argues that the two unions' different approaches in their relations with environmentalists in the 1990s shows that not all woodworkers unions are inherently biased against cooperating with those associated with the environmental movement.

Smith, Chester A., Bernadette LaManna, and Jim Clayton. "Sporting Licenses: From the 'Good Ol' Days' 'til Now." Conservationist 58 (August 2003): 4–5. Traces the evolution of different types of fishing, hunting, and trapping licenses and the regulations requiring them in the state of New York since the early twentieth century.

Smith, Sarah. "The Women's Sawmill at Turkey Pond." Ohio Woodlands 40 (Summer 2003): 12–13. Brief history of a sawmill operated by women at Turkey Pond near Concord, New Hampshire, that processed logs salvaged from a forest hit by a 1938 hurricane during World War II. The mill was run by the United States Forest Service.

Stroshane, Tim. "Water and Technological Politics in California." Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 14 (June 2003): 34–76. Examines the capitalist philosophy that has shaped politics associated with water quality, water supply, water rights, and water resources development in the state of California throughout the twentieth century.

Suffling, Roger, Michael Evans, and Ajith Perera. "Presettlement Forest in Southern Ontario: Ecosystems Measured Through a Cultural Prism." Forestry Chronicle 79 (May/June 2003): 485–501. Analyzes data on old-growth pine forests in southern Ontario from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to theorize about forest conditions in the area prior to the time of European settlement in the early seventeenth century. Uses case studies of Darling Township and the Bruce Peninsula National Park.

Tibbetts, John. "Hothouse Planet." Coastal Heritage 18 (Summer 2003): 3–12. Discusses scientific studies of global climate change, the greenhouse effect, greenhouse gas emissions, and the impacts of climate change on forests, humans, the environment, and plant and animal species; mid-nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

VanNijnatten, Debora L. "Analyzing the Canada-U.S. Environmental Relationship: A Multi-Faceted Approach." American Review of Canadian Studies 33 (Spring 2003): 93–120. Examines cooperation among mid- and low-level government officials, scientists, and nongovernmental organizations from Canada and the United States during the 1980s and especially the 1990s to control air pollution and reduce ground-level ozone along the border between the two nations.

Wester, Dave. "The Forest that Sustains a Mill & a Town." Timber Producer 88 (November/December 2003): 40–42, 46–47. On the sustained-yield forest management activities of the Connor Lumber and Land Company in Laona, Wisconsin, since the founding of the town in 1903. The company has practiced selective logging of yellow birch and hemlock in the area for one hundred years.

Wolff, David A. "No Matter How You Do It, Fraud is Fraud: Another Look at Black Hills Mining Scandals." South Dakota History 33 (Summer 2003): 91–119. Detailed examination of the Greenwood Mining Company, Harney Peak Tin Company, Deadwood Reduction Works, and Horseshoe Mining Company scandals caused by fraudulent sale of worthless mining ground, development of unsuccessful ore treatment processes, and stock manipulation. South Dakota, 1870s and 1880s.

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