| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 112.2

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 112.2 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Canada and the United States

Matthew J. Countryman. Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia. (Politics and Culture in Modern America.) Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2006. Pp. 417. $42.50.
Matthew J. Countryman's book explores the complexities of race, class, and space in the northern civil rights movement. In the past decade, historians such as Robert O. Self, Martha Biondi, Thomas Sugrue, Heather Thompson, and Nikhil Singh have revealed many ways in which the struggle for civil rights in urban northern cities was not merely an appendage to the southern movement but an important fight in its own right against poverty, discrimination in housing, employment, welfare, and public education, police brutality, and neglect by entrenched political machines. Countryman's study of Philadelphia in the post-World War II years builds on this work by addressing the successes and failures of several generations of activism, from "mid-century American liberalism" to black nationalism, and finally to the Black Power movement.	1
Countryman argues that that despite a few largely symbolic gains, the mid-century liberal civil rights movement failed to address the real economic and social problems of black Philadelphians. The failures of the liberal coalitions sparked activism in a new generation of black nationalist leaders. These leaders used economic boycotts, confrontational picketing, self-education, and neighborhood organizing to fight for many goals such as ending discrimination in the construction industry, gaining more community control over schools, ameliorating the conditions in urban slums through better housing policies, ending police brutality, and enabling more poor black Philadelphians to receive welfare. When new coalitions of Black Power advocates failed to effect broad changes, many activists turned to political organizing to make significant gains in electing "independent" black Democrat candidates to the state legislature and to the office of mayor.	. . .

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