| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 112.2

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 112.2 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Comparative/World

Paul Kramer. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2006. Pp. xii, 538. Cloth $69.00, paper $26.95.
Here is further proof that Philippine American history, once almost forgotten, has come of age. Paul Kramer's ambitious book examines American colonial empire in the Philippines (but primarily the years 1899–1913) through the lens of race. Most modern accounts of the relationship discuss race, but Kramer finds them inadequate because they assume that race is essentially a static category instead of "a dynamic, contextual, contested, and contingent field of power." The book is thus a "transnational history of race in the Philippine-American colonial encounter" (p. 2).	1
In lengthy chapters Kramer discusses the Spanish background, the Philippine American War, the colonial state, the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904, nation building, and the reaction to Filipino immigration. Race is central. His exploration of the Spanish background, for example, reveals that Filipino ilustrados wanted to be accepted as part of the Spanish elite by proving that they were as civilized as the Spanish—until Spanish racism ultimately persuaded them that that was impossible. One of Kramer's numerous insights is that the ilustrados, wanting to be accepted as civilized, did not accept Muslims and mountain peoples as part of a common culture. An internalized colonial mentality thus developed that was analogous to Spanish perceptions of Filipinos in general as uncivilized.	. . .

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