| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 112.1

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 112.1 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Comparative/World

Rebecca J. Scott. Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2005. Pp. 365. $29.95.

Pierre Carmouche, an artisan and activist from Donaldsonville, Louisiana, reached Cuba in summer 1898. Having witnessed the U.S. Supreme Court's endorsement of racial segregation in Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) and his own state's march toward the constitutional disenfranchisement of African American voters, Carmouche lobbied fellow black Louisianans to take up arms for Cuban independence and the distant prospect of equal rights and citizenship for Afro-Cubans and African Americans alike. Finding no color line in Cuba, Carmouche's volunteers observed how transracial patriotism, civil rights, and nationalist unity animated former bondspeople like Bárbara Pérez, who smuggled ammunition to the rebels and then shared news and political commentary with audiences of African, Chinese, Spanish, and Cuban descent. To be sure, the antiracist ideals of José Martífi neither erased the conspicuous economic inequalities of Cuban life nor guaranteed the promise of transracial citizenship for Pérez, but for Carmouche, Cuban independence offered a glimpse into the possibilities and potential for inclusive, cross-racial citizenship; possibilities, of course, that were now unachievable in the American South.

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