| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 111.5

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 111.5 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Europe: Early Modern and Modern

Lowell J. Satre. Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics, and the Ethics of Business. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. 2005. Pp. xi, 308. Cloth $55.00, paper $24.95.
Cadbury has long been associated in Britain with ethics and progressive social policy, both because of the antislavery position associated with its Quaker founders and because of its model village of Bournville, which housed some company workers at the end of the nineteenth century in exemplary conditions. Lowell J. Satre challenges this image through a detailed examination of Cadbury's use of cocoa beans farmed by slaves in the Portuguese island colonies of São Tomé and Princípe off the coast of Angola between the years 1901 and 1909.	1
Although Portugal had abolished slavery in all of its colonies by 1870, it allowed contract labor. Natives could sign agreements of their own free will by which they committed themselves to five years' labor at a set wage. Under this system by 1900 Angola shipped about 4,000 serviçais a year to São Tomé and Princípe to work on cocoa plantations. In reality, the workers were coerced, repatriation was all but impossible, and the death rate was as high as twelve percent. Cadbury, Satre shows, was one of the main customers for the crop farmed by this de facto slave labor. By 1900 Cadbury purchased forty-five percent of its cocoa beans from São Tomé. By 1907, long after the labor practices in the Portuguese colonies had come to light, Cadbury still imported 7.4 million pounds of cocoa beans from São Tomé, about thirteen percent of the island's total exports (p. 80).	. . .

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