| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 111.2

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 111.2 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Canada and the United States

J. I. Little. Borderland Religion: The Emergence of an English-Canadian Identity, 1792–1852. Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press. 2004. Pp. xv, 386. Cloth $75.00, paper $32.95.
In 1791, the British government opened lands between the St. Lawrence River and the New England border to settlement. By 1827, almost thirty thousand settlers, primarily from southern New England, had occupied dozens of new communities known as the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada. Twenty-five years later, the population, still predominantly American, had doubled. Yet despite repeated opportunities to join the United States, the Eastern Townships proved firmly loyal to Britain and English Canada. How this English Canadian identity developed is a central question of early nineteenth-century Canadian history. J. I. Little innovatively interprets the process as one of religious change.	1
Canadian and British imperial historians have usually explained English Canadian identity as the result of "social control and state formation" employed as "instruments for creating a disciplined society" by "hardy entrepreneurs and agnostic statesmen" (p. 280). Religion has rarely been regarded as a pro-English cultural influence in the Townships because interpreters have assumed that New England evangelical sects transplanted there reinforced American emigrant identity. Little tests this assumption by supplying the most comprehensive and detailed examination of Protestants in the Eastern Townships yet published. His approach is denominational and heavily statistical, surveying first the "initiatives" of American evangelical communions in the Townships, then the "British responses" of Wesleyan Methodists and Anglicans during the period.	. . .

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