| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 111.1

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 111.1 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Canada and the United States

Billy D. Higgins. A Stranger and a Sojourner: Peter Caulder, Free Black Frontiersman in Antebellum Arkansas. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. 2004. Pp. xviii, 349. $34.95.
Peter Caulder was born to free black, landowning parents in Marion County, South Carolina, in 1795. Billy D. Higgins carefully follows Caulder's life for the next fifty-five years, arguing that his subject's experiences show an antebellum South in which racial boundaries remained blurred at least into the 1850s.	1
The story begins with Caulder's service in a South Carolina militia company in the War of 1812, joining as a substitute for one of his white neighbors. Caulder later joined the Third Rifle Regiment of the United States Army as a pioneer, left his native state for good, and by 1817 found himself with his regiment at the future site of Fort Smith, Arkansas, along the Indian frontier. Here he became a scout and participated in numerous expeditions into the west, including one by noted explorer Stephen Long that explored the area between Fort Smith and the Red River. While at Fort Smith he also acquired various skills, including the construction of chimneys and canoes. Caulder left the army in 1824 and laid claim to land in Arkansas as a bounty for his service in 1812. The land proved virtually uninhabitable, however, and he returned to the army for another five years, then deserted and ran away to the mountainous White River country of Arkansas, where the army never found him. Higgins sees race as being of little importance in Caulder's military experiences, concluding that his duties differed little from those of whites in his unit. As a scout his race became invisible.	. . .

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