| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 108.5

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 108.5 | The History Cooperative

Hugh S. Gorman. Redefining Efficiency: Pollution Concerns, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Technological Change in the U.S. Petroleum Industry. (Series on Technology and the Environment.) Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press. 2001. Pp. xv, 451. $49.95.
Ever since the birth of mass environmentalism in the 1960s, environmentalists have had the petroleum industry in their crosshairs. Tankers that run aground, refineries and automobiles that belch noxious fumes, and climate change have been among the many ills that have animated environmentalists. But who kept the oil industry in line earlier in the century, before events such as the 1967 wreck of the tanker Torrey Canyon and the 1969 blowout off the Santa Barbara beaches helped to catalyze broad public concern?	1
This insightful book by Hugh S. Gorman argues that the industry largely looked after itself and was enormously effective in cutting pollution. Starting in the 1920s, integrated oil companies paid ever-closer attention to waste and inefficiency because the pollution that leaked from wells, pipes, and tankers into the environment and leached from the unlined storage pits that dotted oil fields was product not sold to market. Gross pollution was bad for business. Indeed, in the early twentieth century, perhaps one-fifth of the oil extracted from the ground never made it to market.	. . .

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