| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 107.3

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 107.3 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Canada and the United States

Izumi Hirobe. Japanese Pride, American Prejudice: Modifying the Exclusion Clause of the 1924 Immigration Act. (Asian America.) Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 327. $49.95.

Although Chinese exclusion faced little opposition in the late nineteenth century, Protestant clergy, business elites, and the U.S. Department of State successfully blocked efforts by western sectional interests to pass legislation excluding Japanese during the early twentieth century. But, after World War I, Japanese exclusion rode the coattails of that larger nativist movement against immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe. The Immigration Act of 1924 imposed national origins quotas on Europeans and excluded all persons racially "ineligible to citizenship," a euphemism for Japanese and other Asiatics. Japan was humiliated by the act, and the issue irritated U.S.-Japan relations throughout the interwar period. 1

Izumi Hirobe's carefully researched book details the efforts, ultimately unsuccessful, of missionaries and businessmen to modify Japanese exclusion from 1924 through the 1930s. As early as 1924 and 1925, prominent clergy and reformers began advocating a quota for Japan, including the Reverend Sidney Gulick, Jane Addams, former U.S. Attorney George Wickersham, and John R. Mott of the Young Man's Christian Association. By the late 1920s, a business initiative also promoted modification of Japanese exclusion. This effort was led by western businessmen engaged in Pacific trade, from San Francisco's Wallace Alexander, whose family's fortune lay in Hawaiian sugar, to the lumber industry of the Pacific Northwest, which suffered greatly from Japan's imposition of tariffs on certain lumber products in 1929. Others favoring a quota for Japan included the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the presidents of Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley, and Harry Chandler of the Los Angeles Times and the editors of other Scripps Howard newspapers. . . .

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