| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 105.5

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 105.5 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Canada and the United States

Graham Russell Hodges. Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863. (The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1999. Pp. xii, 413. Cloth $45.00, paper $18.95.

Since the 1970s, the scholarly literature on race, slavery, and abolition in the United States has broadened its focus, exploring the rich diversity of African-American cultures and how they served to sustain identity and resist oppression. Recently, scholars also have shown renewed interest, after a long period of neglect, in the experiences of slaves and free blacks outside the South. Graham Russell Hodges makes a contribution in each of these areas. Hodges presents a wide-ranging account of African Americans in New York City and nine surrounding counties in New York and New Jersey from the arrival of a marooned African sailor on Manhattan Island in 1613 to the New York draft riot of 1863. Although economics and politics receive some attention, this book is primarily a study of culture(s); while the oppressive practices of whites inevitably shape the story, Hodges places black agency at its center. 1

Hodges argues that religion was the decisive factor in shaping both whites' efforts to control blacks and blacks' resistance to white control. Slave religion, a fusion of Christian and African religious ideas and practices, formed the core of a slave culture of resistance that evolved into postrevolutionary African-American culture. Hodges divides white Christians into two groups: pietists (principally Dutch Reformed), who believed in patriarchal decision-making and resisted the liberating implications of slave baptism, and paternalists (initially Anglicans), who supported it. . . .

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