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Governor Macquarie's Job Descriptions and the Bureaucratic Control of the Convict Labour Process
Bill Robbins*
Using primary and archival documentation this article argues Governor Macquarie developed a range of complex and sophisticated management policies, practices and strategies which were designed to motivate convict workers and to positively extract productive labour from them. Indeed the range of policies adopted by Macquarie was surprisingly modern and nowhere is this more apparent than in his development of clear job statements and work regulations for a number of key jobs in the convict system. In practice these operated in a similar manner to the modern job description. This article examines the regulations developed for the management of a produce market, a turnpike road, the Sydney police, the superintendent of government stock and the government dock yards. It is argued that these regulations and work rules must be seen as the earliest forms of job description in the history of Australian labour management.
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| Mary Gilmore reminded Australians in her poem, Old Botany Bay, that the 'Knotted hands/that set us high' were those of convicts, the old lags, forgotten and ignored but whose work laid the foundations of European settlement.1 Gilmore was right to emphasise the importance of work in history. Work, modern or ancient, is not simply a technological activity but is the result of human design, interaction and compromise. Work is not even an exclusively economic activity. As Raelene Frances reminds us, the organisation of work reflects social and individual dimensions of hierarchy, status, skill and gender.2 It reflects values, attitudes, motives and interactions that might otherwise remain hidden. Work says something interesting about an individual; worker or manager alike. But, the political nature of work also says a great deal about the character of a society. The convict era in New South Wales was not a work gulag, it was not a slave society and nor was it a holiday camp. Through an analysis of work it becomes apparent that convict New South Wales was a society that was fluid and volatile and contested.3 |
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The purpose of this article is to examine a particular aspect of the management of the convict labour process in order to add something further to our growing appreciation of the complexity of convict society. Under Governor Macquarie some work tasks, work regulations and controls were deliberately written for some positions within the convict system in ways that were similar to the modern job description. Like the job descriptions of today, Macquarie's descriptions, his discrete, clear sets of instructions and responsibilities, were intended to enhance labour productivity and increase managerial controls. They clarified, they directed, they created points of performance evaluation. These rudimentary forms of job description were, however, no accident. They were consistent with the bureaucratic, formalised and elaborate approach to the management of convict labour that is more than apparent during the years of the Macquarie administration. This article will outline, in varying degrees of detail, the five sets of job descriptions created by Macquarie from 1810 to 1821 and offer an explanation for how such a curiously 'modern' feature of labour management came to make such an early appearance in the landscape of Australian work. |
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