Ivan I. Kurilla and Victoria I. Zhuravleva

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Ivan I. Kurilla and Victoria I. Zhuravleva | Teaching U.S. History in Russia: Issues, Challenges, and Prospects | The Journal of American History, 96.4 | The History Cooperative

Teaching U.S. History in Russia: Issues, Challenges, and Prospects

Alexander N. Fursenko and Nikolai N. Bolkhovitinov, two patriarchs of Russian American studies, died in 2008.¹ Their achievements were probably the highest points of Soviet studies of history of the United States, and their deaths have become a watershed in modern Russian scholarship. A new generation of scholars is now taking the lead in studying and teaching U.S. history in Russia. The approaches and favorite topics of this new group of scholars differ from those of the older Americanists, as do their environment and their students.	1
At the start of the new millennium, U.S. history courses in Russian universities are an integral part of the curricula at the B.A., M.A., and Specialist levels.² The contexts of teaching American history in Russia have changed markedly over the past fifty years. During the Cold War, Soviet universities loaded their curricula with an ideologically defined image of the Soviet Union's "main adversary" in a bipolar standoff. In the 1990s a romanticized image of the United States began to prevail, when the end of the Cold War helped scuttle old priorities linked to the search for social and class conflicts. More recently, the foreign policies of the George W. Bush administration and another American crusade to reform Russia have aroused a new wave of demonization in official and popular discourses. Nevertheless, students' pragmatic interest in the United States as a place of work and travel and as a source of education for those planning international careers has encouraged the introduction of additional courses on American history. Since the end of the Cold War, the students have changed, too. Those who apply to American studies programs and take American history classes differ from their predecessors in many respects. Often, they have personal experience traveling to the United States (for instance, participating in the popular Work and Travel USA program). These students speak fluent English and frequently seek opportunities to participate in exchange programs with American universities or to continue their education there. They choose courses on U.S. history because the United States inspires them with its opportunities; they also readily participate in student panels at academic conferences.³ This new level of student familiarity with America poses a challenge for their professors, who no longer hold a monopoly on knowledge of the United States; a student's personal experience may exceed that of his or her teacher.	2
Although curricula vary across different Russian universities, U.S. history is generally taught within several courses of study. Students majoring in fields other than those in the arts and humanities take a mandatory course on world civilization (usually two semesters for all of world history), which as a rule reduces the American past to two or three themes. Students with history majors must take an eight-semester sequence of universal history from ancient Egypt to the contemporary world. Within these courses, U.S. history is taught in the context of world history, usually in the third and fourth years of study. Main themes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries include British colonial policy in North America and the American War for Independence. Then a universal history course turns to the United States to discuss the Civil War and Reconstruction, industrialization, and sometimes the Progressive Era (often in the context of the Spanish-American War). Starting with World War I, the United States appears more frequently as it becomes an international power and the bipolar relationship develops between the Soviet Union and the United States. Students with majors in area studies (who choose North America as their field of specialization), history (who choose U.S. history), and international relations or philology (who choose U.S. themes for their specialization) are taught U.S. history as a special course lasting from one to three semesters. In such programs the history of the United States is taught systematically and with interdisciplinary approaches that include those from American literature, culture, linguistics, and politics.	. . .

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