Reviewed by Victoria Smith | Reviews | Journal of American Ethnic History, 28.3

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Reviewed by Victoria Smith | Reviews | Journal of American Ethnic History, 28.3 | The History Cooperative

Reviews

*Lakotas, Black Robes, and Holy Women: German Reports from the Indian Missions in South Dakota, 1886–1900.* Edited by Karl Markus Kreis. Translated by Corinna Dally-Starna. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. xvi + 303 pp. Maps, photos, notes, bibliography, and index. $55.00 (cloth).
Lakotas, Black Robes, and Holy Women translates selected records of German Catholic missionaries among the Lakota from 1886 to 1900, an era that saw Native Americans reel under the pressure of the United States' Indian policy of mandatory assimilation. Under German Catholic direction, the St. Francis mission at Rosebud and the Holy Rosary mission at Pine Ridge (both in South Dakota) were established among the Lakota. At the confrontational point of three distinct forces—Native traditions, U.S. assimilation policy, and Christian proselytizing—it is not surprising that Wounded Knee exploded in 1890.	1
Through the eyes of German and German American Jesuit priests and Franciscan nuns, the reader watches as the Lakota come to terms with reservation life in the midst of corrupt civilian agents and intimidating military soldiers, both black and white. Red Cloud, Spotted Tail, Kicking Bird, and Sitting Bull grappled with military defeat, cultural upheaval, starvation, and disease, even as the Catholic missions faced massive federal defunding while better-supplied government schools incorporated the Catholics' Protestant rivals into the reservation school initiative.	. . .

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