| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 110.5

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 110.5 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Canada and the United States

Amy L. Fairchild. Science at the Borders: Immigrant Medical Inspection and the Shaping of the Modern Industrial Labor Force. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004. Pp. xii, 385. $48.00.

In this book, Amy L. Fairchild explores the complex and multilayered role of the U.S. immigrant medical examination from the time period beginning in 1891, when immigration law required Public Health Service medical officers to inspect immigrants, until the mid-1920s, when restrictive immigration legislation along with other social and economic factors resulted in the declining use and significance of the medical examination at U.S. immigration stations. The book is an original contribution to the growing scholarship on the interwoven histories of U.S. immigration and public health. Whereas previous scholarship has importantly illuminated the exclusionary function of public health bureaucracy in immigration history, Fairchild's study provides us with a nuanced account of how the immigrant medical examination functioned in order primarily to discipline, but ultimately to include most immigrants. She argues that the structure of the medical examination conveyed social and industrial norms to immigrants by paying special attention to those diseases and conditions that might compromise an immigrant's capacity for labor and, by extension, industrial citizenship. By conceptualizing the medical exam as a technology that classified and managed the working body into those who were able to work and those who would be susceptible to dependency, Fairchild illuminates an important class dimension that creatively links the history of immigration inspection and processing with labor history.

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