| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 109.5

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 109.5 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Europe: Early Modern and Modern

Wolfgang Kruse. Die Erfindung des modernen Militarismus: Krieg, Militär und bürgerliche Gesellschaft im politischen Diskurs der Französischen Revolution 1789–1799. (Pariser Historische Studien, number 62.) Munich: R. Oldenbourg. 2003. Pp. 398.
Despite the plethora of military histories of French revolutionary warfare, there have been relatively few attempts to study what might be called the "political culture of war" in this period. What ideas and languages shaped French attitudes and approaches toward war during the revolutionary decade? How did they evolve as France entered into what Timothy Blanning has called the "total war" of the 1790s and eventually succumbed to something approaching a military dictatorship? Despite many suggestive ideas in works by Blanning, and by the dean of revolutionary military history, Jean-Paul Bertaud, there has been no convincing work of synthesis on this important topic. The French historian Marc Belissa, a student of Bertaud, has come closest in Fraternité universelle et intérêt national (1713–1795): Les cosmopolitiques du droit des gens (1998). But Belissa concentrates on the "cosmopolitical" idea of creating a "civil society of nations" that he associates above all with Maximilien Robespierre, and he leaves to the side many other aspects of the story.	1
Now Wolfgang Kruse attempts to provide a true synthesis in this book, whose title translates as "The Invention of Modern Militarism: War, the Military, and Civil Society in the Political Discourse of the French Revolution 1789–99." A self-proclaimed work of "discourse analysis," based primarily on parliamentary debates and newspapers, the book aims to trace, chronologically, the reciprocal influences of war and revolution on one another, and the changing relationship between the military and civil society.	. . .

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