| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 109.1

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 109.1 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Canada and the United States

Evelyn Nakano Glenn. Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2002. Pp. x, 306. $39.95.

Why, in a country supposedly committed to ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity, has inequality along the lines of gender and race remained so intractable? Evelyn Nakano Glenn examines this quandary, arguing that rather than being aberrations of American ideals, racism and sexism fundamentally undergird beliefs about citizenship and economic opportunity. The insistence that democracy depended on virtuous and independent citizens who could make rational political choices for the common good enshrined a definition of citizenship based on whiteness and maleness. Women were by definition dependent on men, while slaves were neither virtuous nor independent, excluding both groups from full citizenship. Moreover, definitions of citizenship were bound up in ideas of economic opportunity and labor. Initially, suffrage was limited to property-owning white men, later to those who at least controlled their own productive (and reproductive) capacities and acted as breadwinners over dependents. Unable to own their own labor, a requirement of independence, racial minorities and women were denied what had become the hallmark of political citizenship: the right to vote. Consequently, America enshrined a form of citizenship for women and minorities that did not include full political rights and that shaped and was shaped by their status as coerced labor.

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