| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 108.5

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 108.5 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Caribbean and Latin America

José-Manuel Navarro. Creating Tropical Yankees: Social Science Textbooks and U.S. Ideological Control in Puerto Rico, 1898–1908. (Latino Communities, Emerging Voices: Political, Social, Cultural, and Legal Issues.) New York: Routledge. 2002. Pp. xi, 227. $75.00.
José-Manuel Navarro explores an important and intriguing subject: Puerto Rican education under colonial rule by the United States. Navarro's sources are well chosen and highly revealing, especially reports of the Commissioners of Education and social science textbooks used in Puerto Rican schools.	1
Navarro argues that U.S. education policy in Puerto Rico offered a coherent, ideological approach designed to promote acceptance of U.S. domination and to convert Puerto Ricans into "tropical Yankees." Navarro labels the dominant American culture White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Male (WASPM). U.S. education policy makers perceived the needs of Puerto Rican students through the lens of the WASPM "ideology," developing curriculum and teacher training requirements that emphasized learning English, adopting U.S. role models or heroes (virtually all white males), and supposedly Protestant virtues of honesty, thrift, and hard work. Authors of history and geography textbooks (who wrote primarily for U.S. audiences) also revealed these biases, exalting such historical figures as a Parson Weems version of George Washington and failing to provide heroic examples from Puerto Rican or Native American history or to people their histories with women.	. . .

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