| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 108.4

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 108.4 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Europe: Early Modern and Modern

Sebastian Balfour. Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. Pp. xviii, 349. $35.00.
Morocco has played a crucial but often overlooked role in the history of modern Spain, leaving a deep impression on Spanish politics, society, military affairs, and culture. Sebastian Balfour's well-researched and compelling study helps to remedy this historiographical oversight. The book should be of interest to scholars of Moroccan history, but it will appeal primarily to historians of Spain and of European colonial and military history.	1
The book begins with the developments leading up to 1909, the year of a well-publicized armed attack by Moroccans, the "Tragic Week" of antiwar and anticlerical rioting in Barcelona, and the creation of a Spanish expeditionary force of around 40,000 men. Balfour argues that the Spanish losses during the summer of that year did not constitute a "predictable tragedy" (p. 18), as critics claimed, but rather a flawed understanding of the enemy and the nature and conditions of the war. He takes a similarly antideterminist stance elsewhere in the book, stressing the importance of specific decisions, policies, and actions for the Moroccan war. The book then turns to the period of Spanish military expansion in Morocco beginning around the time of the establishment of the "protectorate" in 1912, including discussion of the sometimes schizophrenic approaches the Spaniards took when dealing with Muley Ahmed el Raisuli, the colorful leader of the Beni Arós tribe. The book also describes how conflicts between and within Spanish governmental and military bodies affected many other aspects of Spanish actions in Morocco through the 1920s.	. . .

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