| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 105.4

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| Book Review | The American Historical Review, 105.4 | The History Cooperative

Book Review

Canada and the United States

William E. Van Vugt. Britain to America: Mid-Nineteenth-Century Immigrants to the United States. (Statue of Liberty—Ellis Island Centennial Series.) Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1999. Pp. xi, 241. Cloth $49.95, paper $18.95.

The study of British migration and immigration, still a neglected subject, received a first boost by Charlotte Erickson's Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (1972), Rowland Berthoff's British Immigration in Industrial America 1870–1950 (1953), and Dudley Baines's Migration in a Mature Economy: Emigration and Internal Migration in England and Wales, 1861–1900 (1985). William E. Van Vugt now offers a book that in many respects is representative of the "new history" of migration in which nation-state frameworks, ethnic boundaries, and the culture retention-uprootedness dichotomy are replaced by transnational cultural transfer. 1

Van Vugt carefully distinguishes British ethnicities and regions as well as multiple United States destinations. He begins by outlining the social, economic, and political context of emigration, including a cautious assessment of the onset of free trade in the frame of the Atlantic economy. In 1983, Thomas J. Archdeacon noted that the juxtaposition of old agrarian and new labor immigration was never supported by the data. For the 1850s and 1860s, Van Vugt emphasizes the diversity of the migrants: agriculturalists, industry and crafts people, miners, merchants, professionals, and gentlemen. He differentiates Scots, English (by region), Cornish, and cluster-forming Welsh. . . .

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