The Booker T. Washington Papers, Vol.4, page 139, Mar. 1896, U. of Illinois Press

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M AR C H ~ 8 9 6 The negro produces almost every bale of cotton that is raised in the south, but let him go to a factory where cotton goods are manufactured, whether it be in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, North Carolina or Mississippi, and ask for work, and the door will be shut in his face. There are but two or three states in the south where the negro can ride in a first-class railroad coach, but let that negro go into the shop in Massachusetts where that coach is made and he will be turned out of the place. I have often wondered why it was that fully one-half of the money earned by the Georgia negro farmer had to be spent in the north for corn and pork and other necessaries of life, which the farmer must have to support himself and his family during the year, but I never could understand the matter until I went into Indiana a few months ago. There I saw a white farmer in a field riding on some kind of a machine, of the use of which I then knew nothing. The man was riding on the machine, to which were attached two spirited horses, and the man's principal occupation seemed to be to keep the horses from going too fast. Not only was the man in the comfortable position to which I have referred, but he had an umbrella to cover his head, to protect him from the rays of the sun. I analyzed that machine, and I found that it ploughed the ground, laid out the rows, and planted two rows of corn at a time. ONE-GALLUS MAN A short time afterward I was down in Georgia, and I saw a negro farmer planting corn. He had an old mule attached to an antiquated plough, and dragging behind was a pole about five feet long. Every little while the mule would stop, and then the farmer would reach behind, take up the pole and beat the mule. This would cause the animal to move on again, but before going far it would be necessary for the man to stop the mule and repair the harness, which was made partly of leather and partly of rags. This he would fix up, but in a little while it would become necessary to make some repairs to the plough. And it would not be much longer before the farmer would have to stop to fix his pants, for our negro farmers are all one-gallus fellows, who are used to making repairs while at work to their trousers. Thirty years ago there was scarcely a white barber to be found in ~39